Test91
It is no measure of health to be well-adjusted in a profoundly sick society -- Jiddu Krishnamurti
🤔 “You can always count on the Americans to do the right thing after they have tried everything else.” -- Winston Churchill
🤔 "They were careless people, Tom and Daisy--they smashed things up and creatures and then retreated back into their money, or their vast carelessness... and let other people clean up the mess." -- Scott Fitzgerald "The Great Gatsby".
- As quoted in a apologetic article of American Imperialism in October, 2001: The Politics of Rage: Why Do They Hate Us?
https://www.newsweek.com/politics-rage-why-do-they-hate-us-154345
My critique of this article in 2004: https://bailey83221.livejournal.com/716.html
"It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it." Aristotle
Collective Guilt
To ignore evil is to become accomplice to it -- Martin Luther King
The world will not be destroyed by those who do evil, but by those who watch them without doing anything. -- Albert Einstein
“The world is a dangerous place, not because of those who do evil, but because of those who look on and do nothing.” — Albert Einstein, theoretical physicist
The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. -- Edmund Burke
If you are neutral on situations of injustice, you have chosen the side of the oppressor - Desmond Tutu
Povery is like punishment for a crime you didn't commit.
The world is a dangerous place, not because of those who do evil but because of those who look on and do nothing.
“The money powers prey upon the nation in times of peace and conspire against it in times of adversity. It is more despotic than a monarchy, more insolent than autocracy, and more selfish than bureaucracy. It denounces as public enemies, all who question its methods or throw light upon its crimes.As a result of the war, corporations have been enthroned, an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money powers of the country will endeavor to prolong it’s reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed.” ― Abraham Lincoln
Goliath is described in the biblical Book of Samuel as as a giant defeated by young David in single combat.
Valor and Bravery - Hope in the face of conflict
"There are moments in life when you must act even though you cannot carry your best friends with you. The still small voice within you must always be the final arbiter when there is a conflict of duty." -- Mahatma Gandhi
Be strong enough to stand alone, be yourself enough to stand apart, but be wise enough to stand together when the time comes.
Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it's the only thing that ever has. -- Margaret Mead
There are moments in life when you must act even though you cannot carry your best friends with you. The still small voice within you must always be the final arbiter when there is a conflict of duty. -- Mahatma Gandhi
Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter -- Martin Luther King
The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man. -- George Bernard Shaw (1856 - 1950) , Man and Superman (1903) "Maxims for Revolutionists"
кто не рискует, тот не пьет шампанского - There is no champagne without risk.https://www.proz.com/kudoz/russian_to_english/other/489543-%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.html]
"Jump and the net will appear"
Be the change you want to see in the World -- Mahatma Gandhi
Death
After the age of 50 we begin to die little by little in the deaths of others. -- Julio Cortazar
Nature knows neither creation nor destruction. Nature knows only transformation.
-- Verner Von Braun
To sort
“To know one country is to know none" - Seymour Martin Lipset, Sociologist
The French have a saying, “Quand on connait sa maladie, on est à moitié guéri”—“When you know your sickness, you are halfway cured.”
"No, I'm not a pessimist. At some point the world shits on everybody. Pretending it ain't shit makes you an idiot, not an optimist."[1]
Some thoughts should never be conceived. Some questions should never be asked, because they have no answer, and the questions themselves serve only to haunt with grinding guilt and second-guessing. -- Slow Burn, Dead Fire (Zombie Book)
I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel.-- Maya Angelou
Hate is like drinking poison, and hoping the other guy dies -- St.Augustine
"An opinion can be argued with; a conviction is best shot." - Lawrence of Arabia - http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0918-04.htm
Wikipedia
"Wikipedia is a kind of truly collaborative and social platform [which] provides a good opportunity for sociologist...to better understand the evolution of social cognition - that is, the ability of a group of people to remember, think, and reason." -- Social Knowledge Dynamics: A Case Study on Modeling Wikipedia Benyun Shi doi=10.1.1.590.7210 https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.590.7210&rep=rep1&type=pdf
"It is no measure of health to be well-adjusted to a profoundly sick society" -- Jiddu Krishnamurti
New to sort
What I don't like about Washington is people do not let you know how they feel. They're very nice to your face and then they take a shiv or a machete and they stab it in your back. I don't like it. I'm a Wall Street guy and I’m more of a front-stabbing person, and I would rather people tell directly how I feel about them than this sort of nonsense. - Scaramucci https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/7/26/16033638/scaramucci-front-stabbing-person-trump-tweet-health-care-murkowski]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake_(slang) in colleges:June 12, 2017
- "But there is another view (about safe spaces) that is now ascendant … It’s a horrible view, which is that ‘I need to be safe ideologically, I need to be safe emotionally, I just need to feel good all the time. And if someone else says something that I don’t like, that is a problem for everyone else, including the administration.”
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/safe-spaces-college-intolerant_b_58d957a6e4b02a2eaab66ccf
Williamson articulated the level of courage it can take to overcome the fear of allowing our outer life to reflect the power of which our inner life is aware:
- Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness, that most frightens us. We ask ourselves, Who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be? You are a child of God. Your playing small doesn't serve the world. There's nothing enlightened about shrinking so that other people won't feel insecure around you. We are all meant to shine, as children do. We were born to make manifest the glory of God that is within us. It's not just in some of us; it's in everyone. And as we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. As we're liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others. (p. 190–191)
One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. — Martin Luther King (1963)
- In loving memory of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz and in deep appreciation of the trailblazer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub
Be the change you want to see in the World -- Mahatma Gandhi
Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter -- Martin Luther King
Life is no 'brief candle' to me. It is a sort of splendid torch which I have got hold of for the moment; and I want to make it burn as brightly as possible before handing it on to future generations. -- George Bernard Shaw
I am not afraid of storms for I am learning how to sail my ship.-- Helen Keller
A person begins to live only when he manages to surpass himself. -- Albert Einstein Russian: Человек начинает жить лишь тогда, когда ему удается превзойти самого себя. --Альберт Эйнштейн
When I was 5 years old, my mom always told me that happiness was the key to life. When I went to school, they asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up. I wrote down “happy.” They told me I didn’t understand the assignment and I told them they didn’t understand life. -- John Lennon
A bone to the dog is not charity. Charity is the bone shared with the dog, when you are just as hungry as the dog. -- Jack London
The only constant in life is change
The greatest enemy to prejudice is travel - Mark Twain
Ideologies
"If you do not express your own original ideas, if you do not listen to your own being, you will have betrayed yourself." - Rollo May
"A man convinced against his will, is of the same opinion still." -- Benjamin Franklin.
Cognitive dissonance
The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man.
A person who finds a topic very confusing will often suspend judgment and keep right on believing in whatever he hopes is true. Over time, his questions lose urgency, and though not resolved, cease to become bothersome. Trust in a system will also help sustain a person through confusion until he reaches the point of no longer caring whether an answer is reasonable or not, or indeed, whether an answer even exists.
"When adults first become conscious of something new, they usually either attack or try to escape from it... Attack includes such mild forms as ridicule, and escape includes merely putting out of mind."
Few people are capable of expressing with equanimity (clamness) opinions which differ from the prejudices of their social environment. Most people are even incapable of forming such opinions.
The fact that an opinion has been widely held is no evidence whatever that it is not utterly absurd.
History is a gallery of pictures in which there are few originals and many copies.
"In our country we have those three unspeakably precious things: freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, and the prudence never to practice either." --Mark Twain
Political repression in America…is American as apple pie
--http://www.recordedbooks.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=scholar.show_course&course_id=40 American Inquisition: The Era of McCarthyism], Tape 9: Joe McCarthy and the Loss of China. Ellen Schrecker
"The lust for money may be distasteful, the desire for power ignoble, but neither will drive its devotees to the criminal excess of an idea on the march. Whether the idea is the triumph of the working class or of a master race, ideology leads to the graveyard." Corey Robin in the London Review of Books quoted here http://hnn.us/articles/24482.html http://hnn.us/articles/24482.html]
"Polish philosopher Leszek Kolakowski, in what he called the law of the infinite cornucopia, stated that there was never a shortage of arguments to support any doctrine one wanted to believe in for whatever reasons."MICHAEL COOPER http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/06/us/politics/06myths.html?src=twrhp Parsing the Myths of the Midterm Election] November 5, 2010
Beliefs never change
| Adam Ruins Everything - Why Proving Someone Wrong Often Backfires
<h>Q8NydsXl32s</h> Your entire show's built around the idea that if you prevent someone with better information you can change their mind. But the surprising truth is disproving a misconception can actually strengthen a person's belief in that misconception. It's called the backfire effect. The More you prove someone wrong the more they think they're right. That can't be true I change people's minds every day. You just proved my point I presented you with information that goes against you thinking and you just dug right into your beliefs. one study found that when people concerned about side effects with a flu shot were informed it was safe they actually became less willing to get it but those so illogical how is it possible? Because when you try to change someone’s mind the other person often feels attacked. Being proven wrong actually activates the same area of the brain as real physical paint [Music] World star stay ?? you can. A right hook will hurt ya. But her right facts will too. Being proven wrong hurts so much it often causes a fight-or-flight response I gotta get out of here. Nope you need to hear this Why am i reacting like this? Normally I love learning new things Simple you're protecting your identity. It’s called identity protective cognition [Music]
http://www.trutv.com/shows/adam-ruins-everything/blog/adams-sources/emily-ruins-adam.html
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- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias Confirmation bias] - Confirmation bias, also called confirmatory bias or myside bias, is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias#backfire_effect Backfire Effect]
- https://youarenotsosmart.com/2011/06/10/the-backfire-effect/ The Backfire Effect]
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_cognition Cultural Cognition]
Bible versus
John 4:18: There is no fear in love, because perfect love expels all fear. If we are afraid, it is for fear of punishment, and this shows that we have not fully experienced his perfect love.
2 Timothy 1:7 For God hath not given us the spirit of fear; but of power, and of love, and of a sound mind.
- About hope in the face of conflict, overwhelming odds, and almost universal disdain, quotes
SECOND QUOUTE: Los Angeles Times:http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0125-27.htm The Idea That Brought Slavery to Its Knees] "...The reverberations from what happened on this spot, on the late afternoon of May 22, 1787, eventually caught the attention of millions of people around the world, including the first and greatest student of what today we call civil society. The result of the series of events begun that afternoon in London, wrote Alexis de Tocqueville decades later, was "absolutely without precedent…. If you pore over the histories of all peoples, I doubt that you will find anything more extraordinary." The building that once stood at 2 George Yard was a bookstore and printing shop. The proprietor was James Phillips, publisher and printer for Britain's small community of Quakers. On that May afternoon, after the pressmen and typesetters had gone home for the day, 12 men filed through his doors. They formed themselves into a committee with what seemed to their fellow Londoners a hopelessly idealistic and impractical aim: ending first the slave trade and then slavery itself in the most powerful empire on Earth."
THIRD QUOTE: Zinn recently said: "My hope is that whatever you do to make a good life for yourself -- whether you become a teacher, or social worker, or business person, or lawyer, or poet, or scientist -- you will devote part of your life to making this a better world for your children, for all children. My hope is that your generation will demand an end to war, that your generation will do something that has not yet been done in history and wipe out the national boundaries that separate us from other human beings on this earth."Another quote: “a number of famous mainland Chinese dissidents find themselves in the paradoxical position of a backyard bush that blooms on the neighbour’s side of the wall: enjoying great international fame but not recognised by the general public in their own country, known only within a small circle of people”.http://www.economist.com/blogs/asiaview/2010/10/nobel_peace_prize [2]]
Alexis de Tocqueville
Also see: http://www.dead-rising-wiki.com/wiki/Tocqueville Tocqueville]
I know of no country in which there is so little independence of mind and real freedom of discussion as in America. The Americans, in their intercourse with strangers, appear impatient of the smallest censure and insatiable of praise...They unceasingly harass you to extort praise, and if you resist their entreaties they fall to praising themselves. It would seem as if, doubting their own merit, they wished to have it constantly exhibited before their eyes. It seems, at first sight, as if all the minds of the Americans were formed upon one model, so accurately do they correspond in their manner of judging. A stranger does, indeed, sometimes meet with Americans who dissent from these rigorous formularies; with men who deplore the defects of the laws, the mutability and the ignorance of democracy; who even go so far as to observe the evil tendencies which impair the national character, and to point out such remedies as it might be possible to apply; but no one is there to hear these things besides yourself, and you, to whom these secret reflections are confided, are a stranger and a bird of passage. They are very ready to communicate truths which are useless to you, but they continue to hold a different language in public. In America the majority raises formidable barriers around the liberty of opinion; within these barriers an author may write what he pleases, but woe to him if he goes beyond them. In the United States, the majority undertakes to supply a multitude of ready-made opinions for the use of individuals, who are thus relieved from the necessity of forming opinions of their own. Americans are so enamored of equality that they would rather be equal in slavery than unequal in freedom. The surface of American society is covered with a layer of democratic paint, but from time to time one can see the old aristocratic colors breaking through. An American cannot converse, but he can discuss, and his talk falls into a dissertation. He speaks to you as if he was addressing a meeting... As one digs deeper into the national character of the Americans, one sees that they have sought the value of everything in this world only in the answer to this single question: how much money will it bring in?
Biography of Alexis de Tocqueville Download Tocqueville's three books for free: http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/815 Democracy in America — Volume 1] http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/816 Democracy in America — Volume 2]http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/8690 American Institutions and Their Influence]
Albert Einstein
Reading, after a certain age, diverts the mind too much from its creative pursuits. Any man who reads too much and uses his own brain too little falls into lazy habits of thinking.
The further the spiritual evolution of mankind advances, the more certain it seems to me that the path to genuine religiosity does not lie through the fear of life, and the fear of death, and blind faith, but through striving after rational knowledge.
I MADE ONE great mistake in my life, Albert Einstein admitted, when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made...
Zinn
Zinn quotes Kissinger in his first chapter, on page 9: ""History is the memory of states," wrote Henry Kissinger in his first book, A World Restored, in which he proceeded to tell the history of nineteenth-century Europe from the viewpoint of the leaders of Austria and England, ignoring the millions who suffered from those statesmen's policies. From his standpoint, the "peace" that Europe had before the French Revolution was "restored" by the diplomacy of a few national leaders. But for factory workers in England, farmers in France, colored people in Asia and Africa, women and children everywhere, except in the upper classes, it was a world of conquest, violence, hunger, exploitation -- a world not restored but disintegrated."
- Seed of peace planted in Zinn
In World War 2, a passing conversation with an warplane gunner changed Howard Zinn's life forever. Zinn argued that America was not imperialist and went away troubles with what this stranger said. Two weeks later this warplane gunner was shot down and killed. Decades later Zinn became an anti-war activist and author of the seminal "A People's History of the United States" This bombardier never truly knew the last legacy of love and peace he created in this world.
Just and Unjust War excerpt:
[Zinn] flew the last bombing missions of the war, got my Air Medal and my battle stars. I was quietly proud of my participation in the great war to defeat fascism. But when I packed up my things at the end of the war and put my old navigation logs and snapshots and other mementos in a folder, I marked that folder, almost without thinking, "Never Again."
I'm still not sure why I did that, because it was not until years later that I began consciously to question the motives, the conduct, and the consequences of that crusade against fascism. The point was not that my abhorrence of fascism was in any way diminished. I still believed something had to be done to stop fascism. But that clear certainty of moral rightness that propelled me into the Air Force as an enthusiastic bombardier was now clouded over by many thoughts.
Perhaps my conversations with that gunner on the other crew, the one who loaned me The Yogi and the Commisar, gave me the first flickers of doubt. He spoke of the war as "an imperialist war," fought on both sides for national power. Britain and the United States opposed fascism only because it threatened their own control over resources and people. Yes, Hitler was a maniacal dictator and invader of other countries. But what of the British Empire and its long history of wars against native peoples to subdue them for the profit and glory of the empire? And the Soviet Union--was it not also a brutal dictatorship, concerned not with the working classes of the world but with its own national power?
I was puzzled. "Why," I asked my friend, "are you flying missions, risking your life, in a war you don't believe in?" His answer astonished me. "I'm here to speak to people like you."
I found out later he was a member of the Socialist Workers party; they opposed the war but believed that instead of evading military service they should enter it and propagandize against the war every moment they could. I couldn't understand this, but I was impressed by it. Two weeks after that conversation with him, he was killed on a mission over Germany.
https://quaker.org/legacy/co/Writings/JustAndUnjustWar.htm
Chomsky
"Cuba has probably been the target of more international terrorism than the rest of the world combined and, therefore, in the American ideological system it is regarded as the source of international terrorism, exactly as Orwell would have predicted."
"No less insidious is the cry for 'revolution,' at a time when not even the germs of new institutions exist, let alone the moral and political consciousness that could lead to a basic modification of social life. If there will be a 'revolution' in America today, it will no doubt be a move towards some variety of fascism. We must guard against the kind of revolutionary rhetoric that would have had Karl Marx burn down the British Museum because it was merely part of a repressive society. It would be criminal to overlook the serious flaws and inadequacies in our institutions, or to fail to utilize the substantial degree of freedom that most of us enjoy, within the framework of these flawed institutions, to modify them or even replace them by a better social order. One who pays some attention to history will not be surprised if those who cry most loudly that we must smash and destroy are later found among the administrators of some new system of repression."
Wikiquote on Chomsky http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/N</wbr>oam_Chomsky] Wikipedia on Chomsky http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N </wbr>oam_Chomsky
20th century bogymen
"Fascism should more appropriately be called Corporatism because it is a merger of State and corporate power."---Benito Mussolini (1883-1945), Fascist Dictator of Italy
"Why of course the people don't want war ... But after all it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy, and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy, or a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist dictatorship ...Voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is to tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger."
In a memorable insight, http://www.tomdispatch.com/index.mhtml?pid=677 Rebecca Solnit] has suggested that the successes of social movements should often be measured not by their accomplishments, but by the disasters they prevent:
"What the larger movements have achieved is largely one of careers undestroyed, ideas uncensored, violence and intimidation uncommitted, injustices unperpetrated, rivers unpoisoned and undammed, bombs undropped, radiation unleaked, poisons unsprayed, wildernesses unviolated, countryside undeveloped, resources unextracted, species unexterminated."
The Iraqi resistance, one of the least expected and most powerful social movements of recent times, can lay claim to few positive results. In two years of excruciating (if escalating) fighting, the insurgents have seen their country progressively reduced to an ungovernable jungle of violence, disease, and hunger. But maybe, as Solnit suggests, their real achievement lies in what didn't happen. Despite the deepest desires of the Bush administration, to this day Iran remains uninvaded -- the horrors of devolving Iraq have, so far, prevented the unleashing of the plagues of war on its neighbor
American Sociology
As Ed the Sock said last night, politicians are just a reflection of society. We don't want unpleasant truths, and demand to be lied to so as to feel better, and then complain when things don't work out perfectly. George Carlin also blames the American people for the problems with politicians, as they all come from American schools, churches, families, exposed to the same media and then voted on by their peers. Society creates the hated politician, who then pretends to be liked to sell you a product, just like cat food or laundry detergent. (http://www.thecommentary.ca/archives/20040701.html http://www.thecommentary.ca/a
"What should one write to ruin an adversary? The best thing is to prove that he is not one of us -- the stranger, alien, foreigner. To this end we create the category of the true family. We here, you and I, the authorities, are a true family. We live in unity, among our own kind. We have the same roof over our heads, we sit at the same table, we know how to get along with each other, how to help each other out. Unfortunately, we are not alone."
--Ryszard Kapuscinski in Shah of Shahs
“…in Britain, empire was justified as a benevolent "white man's burden." And in the United States, empire does not even exist; "we" are merely protecting the causes of freedom, democracy, and justice worldwide.”
--The Editors, "After the attacks…the war on terrorism", Monthly Review, 53, 6, Nov., 2001. P 7
"Explanation is not a justification for murder, criticism is not equivalent to treason, and offering a historical analysis of evil is not the same thing as consorting with evil."
--http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050926/wiener/2 Eric Foner] rejecting the arguments that "Trying to understand the 9/11 terrorists grievances is treasonous"
“When we are reduced to insisting that our depravity isn't as bad as the other guy's, we have fallen deep into a pit of moral equivalence that reveals what we have lost."
"Perhaps the most significant moral characteristic of a nation is its hypocrisy."
"ALL empires die of indigestion," said Napoleon. They do. They bite off more than they can chew, swallow territories their colonial systems can't digest, and die. --The empire that is dead The Herald (Glasgow) August 1, 1996
Kerry will change his views to fit the facts; Bush will change the facts to fit his views
Conceit, arrogance and egotism are the essentials of patriotism...Patriotism assumes that our globe is divided into little spots, each one surrounded by an iron gate. Those who have had the fortune of being born on some particular spot consider themselves nobler, better, grander, more intelligent than those living beings inhabiting any other spot. It is, therefore, the duty of everyone living on that chosen spot to fight, kill and die in the attempt to impose his superiority upon all the others.
"The loud little handful will shout for war. The pulpit will warily and cautiously protest at first…The great mass of the nation will rub its sleepy eyes, and will try to make out why there should be a war, and they will say earnestly and indignantly: ‘It is unjust and dishonorable and there is no need for war.' Then the few will shout even louder…Before long you will see a curious thing: anti-war speakers will be stoned from the platform, and free speech will be strangled by hordes of furious men who still agree with the speakers but dare not admit it...Next, statesmen will invent cheap lies, putting blame upon the nation that is attacked, and every man will be glad of those conscience-soothing falsities, and will diligently study them, and refuse to examine any refutations of them; and thus he will by and by convince himself that the war is just, and will thank God for the better sleep he enjoys after this process of grotesque self-deception."
"...people believe that "imperialism" won out for military reasons. Osborne shows convincingly that commerce won out instead. America...seen as an "economic imperialist nation."
Tens of millions of Americans, who neither know nor understand [their own country’s bloody historical struggle for the material benefits they all enjoy today], march in the army of the night with their Bibles held high. And they are a strong and frightening force, impervious to, and immunized against, the feeble lance of mere reason.
43% of Americans have not read a book in the last year.
More American teenagers can name three of the Three Stooges than can name the three branches of government (59% to 41%)
The greatest purveyor of violence on earth is my own government.
Pentagon briefers told President Johnson that the true U.S. goals in Vietnam were, “70% to avoid a humiliating U.S. defeat; 20% to keep South Vietnam (and adjacent territories) from Chinese hands; 10% to permit the people of Vietnam a better, freer way of life.”
My kind of loyalty is loyalty to one's country and not to one's institutions or officeholders. The country is the real thing, the substantial thing to watch over. Its institutions and clothing can wear out and become ragged, cease to be comfortable, cease to protect the body from winter, disease and death. To be loyal to rags, to shout for rags, to worship rags, to die for rags, that is a loyalty of unreason.' This is important because in the present discussion boundaries have been set, lines have been drawn. Those who go outside those boundaries and criticize official policy are called unpatriotic and disloyal. When they accuse dissenters of that they have forgotten the meaning of loyalty and patriotism. Patriotism does not mean support for your government. It means, as Mark Twain said, support for your country. --Howard Zinn, from the Artists in a Time of War CD
Where the "Disneyland" Quote comes from:
- Leftists like to explain the disaffection of working-class people with public education as a natural reaction to the patriotism, conformity, and civility pushed by what they call the “ideological state apparatus.” The object of education, according to this view, is to police class boundaries by transforming most kids into a unquestioning drones while selecting a small number of others for management positions. Kids from blue-collar homes are supposed to know intuitively that this is the case, and they respond accordingly, cutting class and getting high and listening to The Wall over and over again. A more nuanced version of this critique, the 1995 book Lies My Teacher Told Me, points out that high school American history textbooks give ”a Disney version of history”: heroic, egalitarian, jam-packed with progress, and almost entirely free of class conflict. Teaching such an “Officer Friendly” account of reality, the author concludes, is merely to “make school irrelevant to the major issues of the day.” The kids know bullshit when they see it.
- The disaffection of the Kansas conservatives with public education is almost precisely the opposite. They do not have a problem with the idea that schools should be designed to churn out low-wage workers; indeed, Kay O’Connor (A conservative Kansas state senator) told me that was a worthy goal. The Cons (conservative wing of the Republican party) are pissed off because they think the schools don’t provide enough Disney, enough Officer Friendly. --What's the Matter with Kansas?
copyright: piracy is not theft
“Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery that mediocrity can pay to greatness.” - Oscar Wilde.
Dataclysm: Repelling some people draws others all the closer
🙶Repelling some people draws others all the closer... “Beauty is looks you can never forget. A face should jolt, not soothe.” For as with music, as with movies, and as with a wide variety of human phenomena: a flaw is a powerful thing. Even at the person-to-person level, to be universally liked is to be relatively ignored. To be disliked by some is to be loved all the more by others. And, specifically, a woman’s overall sex appeal is enhanced when some men find her ugly.🙷
🙶Given that everyone on Earth has some kind of flaw, the real moral here is: be yourself and be brave about it.🙷
🙶Repelling some people draws others all the closer.🙷
🙶In any group of women who are all equally good-looking, the number of (online dating app) messages they get is highly correlated to the variance: from the pageant queens to the most homely women to the people right in between, the individuals who get the most affection will be the polarizing ones. And the effect isn’t small—being highly polarizing will in fact get you about 70 percent more messages. That means variance allows you to effectively jump several “leagues” up in the dating pecking order—for example, a very low-rated woman (20th percentile) with high variance in her votes gets hit on about as much as a typical woman in the 70th percentile. Part of that is because variance means, by definition, that more people like you a lot (as well as dislike you a lot).🙷
-- Dataclysm: Love, Sex, Race, and Identity--What Our Online Lives Tell Us about Our Offline Selves, from the founder of the American dating App, OKCupid.
Media
“Walter Lippmann painstakingly demonstrated why no individual, however intelligent, educated, and motivated, was capable of becoming an expert, let alone being an "insider," on all the important issues of the day.
--http://www.livejournal.com/users/bailey83221/23176.html#ignorance Ignorance of the world has deep historical and cultural roots in the US]
The media makes politics out to be "liberal" vs. "conservative" when in fact the real model is Corporate America vs. Everyone Else.
--http://www.davidsirota.com/2005/07/nominee-john-g-roberts-r-corporate.html Sirotablog]
The media do not necessarily tell your what to think, but they tell you what to think about, and how to think about it.
--http://www.livejournal.com/users/bailey83221/34586.html The Rise and Fall of Professional Journalism] Robert McChesney
It is often noted that democracy requires journalism; what is less frequently emphasized is that journalism requires democracy. Unless there is strong political culture there will be little demand for excellent journalism.
--http://www.livejournal.com/users/bailey83221/34586.html The Rise and Fall of Professional Journalism] Robert McChesney
A politician stands a far greater chance to become the object of news media scrutiny if she or he is rumored to have not paid 10 parking tickets or if they failed to pay a bar bill than if they used their power to quietly funnel billions of public dollars to powerful special interests.
--http://www.livejournal.com/users/bailey83221/34586.html The Rise and Fall of Professional Journalism] Robert McChesney
A five year study of investigative journalism on TV news completed in 2002 determined that investigative journalism has all but disappeared on the nation’s commercial airwaves.
--http://www.livejournal.com/users/bailey83221/34586.html The Rise and Fall of Professional Journalism] Robert McChesney
In view of the fact that legitimate sources tend to be restricted to political and economic elites, this bias sometimes makes journalists appear to be stenographers to those in power; i.e. exactly what one would expect in an authoritarian society with little or no formal press freedom.
--http://www.livejournal.com/users/bailey83221/34586.html The Rise and Fall of Professional Journalism] Robert McChesney
This focus on government malfeasance and neglect of corporate misdeeds plays directly into the hands of those who wished to give more power and privileges to corporations, and undermine the ability of government to regulate in the public interest. As Ed Baker observes, professional practices, along with libel laws, “favor exposing governmental rather than private (corporate) wrongdoing”
--http://www.livejournal.com/users/bailey83221/34586.html The Rise and Fall of Professional Journalism] Robert McChesney
If the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped steadily for twenty years it would be front page and leading broadcast news day after day until the government took action. That 32 million of our population have their housing, food, and clothing “index” drop steadily for more than 30 years is worth only an occasional feature story about an individual or statistical fragments in the back pages of our most influential news organizations.
--Ben H. Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly
"How many times does the end of the world as we know it need to arrive before we realise that it's not the end of the world as we know it?"
- --Panic: The Story of Modern Financial Insanity Edited by Michael Lewis
American economy
we have about 50% of the world's wealth but only 6.3 of its population. Our real task...is to devise a pattern of relationships, which will permit us to maintain this position of disparity.... -- George F. Kennan
Miscellaneous quotes
If men could learn from history, what lessons it might teach us! But passion and party blind our eyes, and the light which experience gives is a lantern on the stern, which shines only on the waves behind us" --"The latern on the stern" The Economist, January 3, 2009, p 65. From http://books.google.com/books?id=AkiXWLPqoi8C&pg=PA380&dq=Coleridge++history++%E2%80%9Ca+lantern+on+the+stern&as_brr=3&ei=QL4zSoGLAaDczQS4t8yzBg On the Constitution of the Church and State] By Samuel Taylor Coleridge
"Tact is for people who aren't witty enough to be sarcastic."
The ability to quote is a serviceable substitute for wit.
"It used to be believed that every event in the world-the opening of a morning glory...was due to direct microintervention by the Deity. The flower was unable to open by itself.God had to say “Hey, flower, open.” [Today]...because we know something about phototropism and plant hormones, we can understand the opening of the morning glory independent of divine mícrointervention...As we learn more and more about the universe, there seems less and less for God to do."
"Sometimes a scream is better than a thesis"
"A man in life has many disciples, but it is always Judas who writes the biography."
"In our time, political speech and writing is largely the defense of the indefensible."
“Those looking for ideology in the White House should consider this: for the men who rule our world, rules are for other people. The powerful feed ideology to the masses like fast food while they dine on that most rarefied delicacy: impunity.”
"The real rulers in Washington are invisible and exercise power from behind the scenes." --Justice Felix Frankfurter http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_sibel_ed_061129_sibel_edmonds_3a_the_h.htm [3]]
"So long to the dreams that make men free." -http://miska.dmusic.com/ James Miska, Pendleton Revisited]
Pride
"Pride is a form of selfishness." -David Lawrence
US in Central America
What we see in Central America today would not be much different if Fidel Castro and the Soviet Union did not exist
--US Ambassador to Panama Ambler Moss, 1980
"Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable." - John F. Kennedy
The US became staunchly anti-revolutionary after its own revolution The United States has countered [Central American] revolutions with its military power. Washington's recent policy, this book argues, is historically consistent for two reasons: first, for more than a century (if not since 1790), North Americans have been staunchly antirevolutionary; and second, U.S. power has been the dominant power outside (and often inside) force shaping the societies against with Central Americans have rebelled. ... Washington officials have opposed radical change not because of pressure from public opinion. Throughout the twentieth century, the overwhelming number of North Americans could not have identified each of the five Central American nations on a map, let alone ticked off the region's sins that called for an application of U.S. force. The United States consistently feared and fought such change because it was a status quo power. It wanted stability, benefited from the ongoing system, and was therefore content to work with the military oligarchy complex that ruled most of Central America from the 1820ss to the 1980s. The world's leading revolutionary nation in the eighteenth century became the leading protector of the status quo in the twentieth century. Such protection was defensible when it meant protecting the more equitable societies of Western Europe and Japan, but became questionable when it meant bolstering poverty and inequality in Central America.
--Page 12, 13, http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393309649/qid=1121999305/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_ur_2_1/002-9806057-1579261 Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America] (The footnote states: This is argued in Eldon Kenworthy, “Reagan Rediscovers Monroe”, democracy 2 (July 1982): 80-90
US president’s racism and lust for empire Thomas Jefferson…interest in Latin America was extraordinary (he once remarked that young empire-builders should first study Spanish) Thomas Jefferson…concern about expanding U.S. power even led him in the 1780s to decide that it would be better if the Spanish held on to their territory “till our population can be sufficiently advanced to gain if from them piece by piece”…His [belief in] Manifest Destiny…was shared by most of the other Founders, including Jefferson’s great political rival, Alexander Hamilton.
--Page 19 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393309649/qid=1121999305/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_ur_2_1/002-9806057-1579261 Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America]
Theodore Roosevelt…the famed Rough Rider, who fought publicly…in Cuba during the 1898 war…called Latin Americans “Dagoes” because they were incapable of either governing themselves or—most important in Roosevelt’s hierarchy of values—maintaining order.
--Page 34 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393309649/qid=1121999305/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_ur_2_1/002-9806057-1579261 Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America]
The US intervenes in Central America to bestow the blessings of stability myth That the United States intervened in Central America simply to stop revolutions and bestow the blessings of stability tells too little too simply. The motive for Washington’s policy in Central America was not to stop upheavals, but to promote U.S. interests. In El Salvador, for example, North Americans—both in the business and the diplomatic community—continually encouraged a revolutionary faction between 1906 and 1913 because they knew the faction was more pro-United States (and anti-European capital) than the actual, legitimate government. Interests and imperial rivalry, not morality and consistency, drove U.S. policies.
--Page 39 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393309649/qid=1121999305/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_ur_2_1/002-9806057-1579261 Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America]
The 1907 Central American Court The 1907 Washington conference spun a web of agreements that were to make Central Americans more interdependent and—as the North American Progressives theorists of the time believed—more peaceful and cooperative. The meetings established a Central American Court of Justice…Future disputes were to go not to the battlefield, but the Court. The Central American Court quickly became the global symbol for the Progressives’ growing faith in legal arbitration for the settlement of disputes. One North American proudly wrote, “To the powers of Europe, to the great powers of the world who struggled with partial success…to establish a court of arbitral justice, the young republics of Central America may recall the scriptural phrase, ‘A little child shall led them.’” Retired steel billionaire Andrew Carnegie happily gave $100,000 for a building to house the Court. It turned out to be one of Carnegie’s few bad investments. Within nine years the institution was hollow because twice—in 1912 and 1916—the United states refused to recognize Court decisions that went against its interests in Nicaragua. The North Americans destroyed the Court they had helped to create, and in doing so vividly demonstrated how the Progressive faith in legal remedies was worthless when the dominant power in the area paced its own national interest over international legal institutions.
--Page 41-42 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393309649/qid=1121999305/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_ur_2_1/002-9806057-1579261 Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America]
Reagan
El Salvador...is nearer to Texas than Texas is to Massachusetts. Central America is simply too close, and the strategic stakes are too high, for us to ignore the danger of governments seizing power there with ideological and military ties to the Soviet Union. -- American President Ronald Reaga[2]
The United States, said Ronald Reagan, "is engaged in a war on terrorism, a war for freedom" How familiar it all sounds. Merely replace Soviet Union and communism with al-Qaeda, and you are up to date. And it was all a fantasy.[3]
My quotes
The stark difference between two of the three boogeymen of the twentieth century, Moa and Stalin and the United States is that we don't kill our own populations, we just kill everyone else's. From http://hnn.us/readcomment.php?id=92507&bheaders=1#92507 here]
Need to work on:
- In the marketplace of ideas some people are pickpockets. (basically some people have nothing to contribute in an argument/debate/conversation)
War
[America] is worried about stopping terrorism. Well, there’s really an easy way: Stop participating in it. - Noam Chomsky
- As for those [who died] in the World Trade Center... they were civilians [which] formed a technocratic corps at the very heart of America's global financial empire - the "mighty engine of profit" to which the military dimension of U.S. policy has always been enslaved - and they did so both willingly and knowingly...To the extent that any of them were unaware of the costs and consequences to others of what they were involved in - and in many cases excelling at - it was because of their absolute refusal to see. More likely, it was because they were too busy braying, incessantly and self-importantly, into their cell phones, arranging power lunches and stock transactions, each of which translated, conveniently out of sight, mind and smelling distance, into the starved and rotting flesh of infants. If there was a better, more effective,...way of visiting some penalty...I'd really be interested in hearing about it. [They were "little Eichmanns"] Ward Churchill
- What difference does it make to the dead, the orphans, and the homeless, whether the mad destruction is wrought under the name of totalitarianism or the holy name of liberty and democracy? - Mahatma Gandhi
- I think the U.S. government enjoys playing with the stomachs of humanity.-- A Nicaraguan Mother
- It takes relatively few people and little support to disrupt the internal peace and economic stability of a small country.-- William Casey, CIA Director (From http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=2288&C=2189 War Against the Poor: Low-Intensity Conflict and Christian Faith by Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer])
- “If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America. They don't care” Nelson Mandela just before the invasion of Iraq, Columbia Broadcasting System 2003.
- "Throughout the world, on any given day, a man, woman or child is likely to be displaced, tortured, killed or "disappeared", at the hands of governments or armed political groups. More often than not, the United States shares the blame." Amnesty International, 1996
- "We Americans are the ultimate innocents. We are forever desperate to believe that this time the government is telling us the truth." -- New York Times columnist Sydney Schanberg, during the Gulf War. Beginning of documentary, War Made Easy - How Presidents and Pundits Keep Spinning Us To Death. (Sydney Schanberg warned journalists not to forget "our unquestioning chorus of agreeability when Lyndon Johnson bamboozled us with his fabrication of the Gulf of Tonkin incident." Schanberg blamed not only the press but also "the apparent amnesia of the wider American public.")
- Barbra Lee, Sept. 14, 2001: “However difficult this vote may be, some of us must urge the use of restraint, Our country is in a state of mourning. Some of us must say, Let’s step back for a moment, let’s just pause just for a minute, and think through the implications of our actions today so that this does not spiral out of control. And, she said: “As we act, let us not become the evil that we deplore.” The only politician who voted against giving war powers to Bush for invading Afghanistan. (Senate: 98 to 0, House 420 to 1)
Immaculate Genocide
American liberals support immaculate Genocide
The first concentration camps in the world were during the Boar War by the British in South Africa. The second country was America in the Philippine American War. Writing of the holocaust perpetrated by U.S. troops in the Philippines a century ago--an onslaught entailing orders that every male Filipino over the age of ten be slaughtered, and the resulting deaths of one in every six inhabitants on the island of Luzon --historian Stuart Creighton Miller describes "the tendency of highly patriotic Americans...to [vociferously] deny such abuses and even to assert that they could never exist in their country." The pattern is unmistakably similar to that exhibited by severe alcoholics who, despite all evidence of the damage their behavior has caused, chronically insist that "the opposite of everything is true."
More subtle than the characteristic refusal of "conservatives" to allow mere facts to in any way alter their core presumptions was/is the complementary nature of the "alternative" interpretation(s) most often posed by their "progressive" opponents. Noting that the Philippines genocide was a matter of public knowledge by 1901, Creighton Miller goes on to observe that collective "amnesia over the horrors of the war of conquest...set in early, during the summer of 1902." He then concludes by reflecting upon how "anti-imperialists aided the process by insisting that the conflict and its attendant atrocities had been the result of a conspiracy by a handful of leaders who carried out, through deceit and subterfuge, the policy and means of expansion overseas against the will of the majority of their countrymen."
"By refusing to acknowledge that most Americans had been bitten by the same bug that afflicted Roosevelt, Lodge, and Beveridge, anti-imperialists were letting the people off the hook and in their own way preserving the American sense of innocence. Unfortunately, the man in the street shared the dreams of world-power status, martial glory, and future wealth that would follow expansion. When the dream soured, the American people neither reacted with very much indignation, nor did they seem to retreat to their cherished political principles. If anything, they seemed to take their cues from their leader in the White House by first putting out of mind all the sordid episodes in the conquest, and then forgetting the entire war itself."
So it was then, the more so today. Contemporary conservatives, whenever they can be momentarily boxed into conceding one or another unsavory aspect of America's historical record, are forever insisting that whatever they've admitted can be "properly" understood only when viewed as an "exception to the rule," an "aberration," "atypical" to the point of "anamolousness." None have shown a readiness to address the question of exactly how many such "anomalies" might be required before they can be said to comprise "the rule" itself. When pressed, conservatives invariably retreat into a level of diversionary polemic excusable at best on elementary school playgrounds, arguing that anything "we have done is somehow excused by allegations that "they" have done things just as bad."
Progressives, on the other hand, while acknowledging many of America's more reprehensible features, have become far more refined in offering hook-free analyses than they were in 1902. No longer much preoccupied with such crudities as "conspiracy theory," they have become quite monolithic in attributing all things negative to handy abstractions like "capitalism," "the state," "structural oppression," and, yes, "the hierarchy." Hence, they have been able to conjure what might be termed the "miracle of immaculate genocide," a form of genocide, that is, in which--apart from a few amorphous "decision-making elites" --there are no actual perpetrators and no one who might "really" be deemed culpable by reason of complicity. The parallels between this "cutting edge" conception and the defense mounted by postwar Germans--including the nazis at Nuremberg--are as eerie as they are obvious.
Hitler's Willing Executioners - Americans are no different. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler%27s_Willing_Executioners
Crises are like buses
'Useful metaphor: Crises are like buses
A bus goes to the same destination but it's carrying a bunch of random people who have very different priorities and very different goals. They'll ride this crisis for a while until it is no longer useful to them. It seems to me that this crisis is completely fictitious but that a lot of people including Putin are getting a lot of advantage out of it a lot of mileage out of it certainly people in Washington certainly people in London certainly people in Moscow. So it's if you look at it like that and you realize this crisis has been sort of like pushed along by a wide variety of different people then it starts to make a hell of a lot more sense. Because if you think of it as just like unicausal then it it becomes like just this one thing and you're like wondering well why are these things happening or this over here is happening. But if you realize that many people are on this bus and want it to go a certain way but not too far then it becomes a lot more understandable. I think it's a good useful heuristic for this situation
The Duran: On the ground in Ukraine on 'invasion day'
Family
- Thanksgiving is an emotional holiday. People travel thousands of miles to be with people the only see once a year. And discover once a year is way too often. –Johnny Carson.
External links
Hundreds more liberal quotes:
- http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Authors/Quotations_page.html Third World Traveler Quotations page]
- http://www.brainyquote.com/ Tens of thousands of Famous Quotes and Quotations at the site BrainyQuote]
- http://proliberty.com/observer/20011211.htm Hundreds of Quotes about US]
- http://socialwork.arts.unsw.edu.au/tsw/DocsOUREMPIRE.html OUR EMPIRE: COLLECTED DOCUMENTS]
- http://www.amasci.com/weird/skepquot.html Quotes for the Open minded Scientist The ability to quote is a serviceable substitute for wit]
Two legal systems
Anyone who is poor knows there are two legal systems: A corrupt legal system for the poor and one for everyone else.™
At the Bailey Law Firm justice is not an abstract term.
It's something we create everyday for our clients.
Lawyers suck The law profession should be called the "fear profession".
A person will come to an attorney either with a current legal problem (fear) or a potential legal problem (fear).
Attorneys usually will then create even more fear, then they tell the lay person to "trust me" they alone know what this afraid person can do to stop this fear. It is a wonderful way that attorneys personally enrich themselves. It is yet another example of the corrupting influence of money in American society.
In all of our dealings with other lawyers we have paid, we cannot think of a single time in which an attorney has stepped back and said, this maybe technically illegal, but the chances of you being prosecuted are infinitesimally small.
Again and again, we have paid an attorney to tell us the most expensive options available which would get them the most money. These attorneys will intentionally leave out free or low costs options which don't involve paying them.
There is a good reason why everyone hates lawyers. Attorneys suck.
Is our legal offices any different? We would sure like to think so. Contact us to find out.
Corporations: an era of corruption
[Picture: Presidental prophecy.jpg]
"The money power preys on the nation in times of peace, and conspires against it in times of adversity. It is more despotic than monarchy, more insolent than autocracy, more selfish than bureaucracy. I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. Corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands, and the Republic is destroyed. I feel at this moment more anxiety for the safety of my country than ever before, even in the midst of war. It denounces, as public enemies, all who question its methods or throw light upon its crimes." --Abraham Lincoln
How we work From 80 to 92 percent of all cases settle.
There are two courts: a court of law and a court of public opinion.
If you can't get justice in traditional court, you can assuredly get justice by publicizing a corporation's bad acts.
Our goal is to get you compensation as quickly and painlessly as possible. We do this by threatening to publish the organizations bad acts on the internet. If they do not settle within two weeks, we viciously destroy their reputation.
[button to email]
[button to call]
How America silents dissent
No man can struggle with advantage against the spirit of his age and country, and however powerful a man may be, it is hard for him to make his contemporaries share feelings and ideas which run counter to the general run of their hopes and desires.
--Alexis de Tocqueville
"In our country we have those three unspeakably precious things: freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, and the prudence never to practice either." --Mark Twain
- The Overton window
Also known as the window of discourse, is the range of ideas tolerated in public discourse. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overton_window
- The Spiral of Silence
By Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann
👑 People who see that the dominant social attitudes contradict their own position, “fall silent”, to avoid expressing their point of view, because they are afraid to be in the minority.
👑 The more prevalent the prevailing point of view seems to them, the more they “fall silent”.
The Overton window is an approach to identifying the ideas that define the spectrum of acceptability of governmental policies. It says politicians can act only within the acceptable range. Shifting the Overton window involves proponents of policies outside the window persuading the public to expand the window.
Public opinion does not exist
Pierre Bourdieu "Public Opinion Does Not Exist", for the following reasons:
👑 Firstly, not all people are capable of producing their opinion.
👑 Secondly, not all people's opinions are significant.
👑 Third, asking everyone the same question implies the hypothesis that there is a consensus about the problem, that is, an agreement about which questions are worth asking.
Source:
File:kupdf.net public-opinion-does-not-exist pierre-bourdieu-1972.pdf
The Dunning Kruger effect. The dumber you are the smarter you think you are
- The Dunning Kruger effect. The dumber you are the smarter you think you are. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning–Kruger_effect
Videos
Crimes of Obama and Hillary Clinton by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Saleh Adam Saleh].
Obama and Hilary dropped 26,000 bombs on Libya, 7 countries in total [Trump is a war criminal too].http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/this-is-serious/h-star-adam-saleh-allegdly-kicked-off-delta-airlines-flight-for-speaking-in-arabic-with-mom-4439543/]
<h>XOa4r37Lt84</h> RAAB RAAB/Shahidul Hoque RUSSIAN ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF BANGLADESH (RAAB) Ray McGovern
<pdf width="800" height="500">File:RUSSIAN 2019_04_international_attorney_lawyer_resume (EDITED FOR ONLINE).pdf</pdf>
Review
Russia is harassing U.S. diplomats all over Europe
A Russian policeman stands in front of an entrance of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow in 2013. (Ivan Sekretarev/Associated Press) By Josh RoginJune 27, 2016
Russian intelligence and security services have been waging a campaign of harassment and intimidation against U.S. diplomats, embassy staff and their families in Moscow and several other European capitals that has rattled ambassadors and prompted Secretary of State John F. Kerry to ask Vladimir Putin to put a stop to it.
At a recent meeting of U.S. ambassadors from Russia and Europe in Washington, U.S. ambassadors to several European countries complained that Russian intelligence officials were constantly perpetrating acts of harassment against their diplomatic staff that ranged from the weird to the downright scary. Some of the intimidation has been routine: following diplomats or their family members, showing up at their social events uninvited or paying reporters to write negative stories about them.
But many of the recent acts of intimidation by Russian security services have crossed the line into apparent criminality. In a series of secret memos sent back to Washington, described to me by several current and former U.S. officials who have written or read them, diplomats reported that Russian intruders had broken into their homes late at night, only to rearrange the furniture or turn on all the lights and televisions, and then leave. One diplomat reported that an intruder had defecated on his living room carpet.
In Moscow, where the harassment is most pervasive, diplomats reported slashed tires and regular harassment by traffic police. Former ambassador Michael McFaul was hounded by government-paid protesters, and intelligence personnel followed his children to school. The harassment is not new; in the first term of the Obama administration, Russian intelligence personnel broke into the house of the U.S. defense attache in Moscow and killed his dog, according to multiple former officials who read the intelligence reports.
But since the 2014 Russian intervention in Ukraine, which prompted a wide range of U.S. sanctions against Russian officials and businesses close to Putin, harassment and surveillance of U.S. diplomatic staff in Moscow by security personnel and traffic police have increased significantly, State Department press secretary John Kirby confirmed to me.
“Since the return of Putin, Russia has been engaged in an increasingly aggressive gray war across Europe. Now it’s in retaliation for Western sanctions because of Ukraine. The widely reported harassment is another front in the gray war,” said Norm Eisen, U.S. ambassador the Czech Republic from 2011 to 2014. “They are hitting American diplomats literally where they live.”
The State Department has taken several measures in response to the increased level of nefarious activity by the Russian government. All U.S. diplomats headed for Europe now receive increased training on how to handle Russian harassment, and the European affairs bureau run by Assistant Secretary Victoria Nuland has set up regular interagency meetings on tracking and responding to the incidents.
McFaul told me he and his family were regularly followed and the Russian intelligence services wanted his family to know they were being watched. Other embassy officials also suffered routine harassment that increased significantly after the Ukraine-related sanctions. Those diplomats who were trying to report on Russian activities faced the worst of it.
“It was part of a way to put pressure on government officials who were trying to do their reporting jobs. It definitely escalated when I was there. After the invasion of Ukraine, it got much, much worse,” McFaul said. “We were feeling embattled out there in the embassy.”
There was a debate inside the Obama administration about how to respond, and ultimately President Obama made the decision not to respond with similar measures against Russian diplomats, McFaul said.
A spokesman for the Russian Embassy in Washington sent me a long statement both tacitly admitting to the harassment and defending it as a response to what he called U.S. provocations and mistreatment of Russian diplomats in the United States.
“The deterioration of U.S.-Russia relations, which was not caused by us, but rather by the current Administrations’ policy of sanctions and attempts to isolate Russian, had a negative affect on the functioning of diplomatic missions, both in U.S. and Russia,” the spokesman said. “In diplomatic practice there is always the principle of reciprocity and, indeed, for the last couple of years our diplomatic staff in the United States has been facing certain problems. The Russian side has never acted proactively to negatively affect U.S. diplomats in any way.”
Evelyn Farkas, who served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for Russia, Ukraine and Eurasia until last year, said that there is no equivalence between whatever restrictions Russian diplomats are subjected to in the United States and the harassment and intimation that U.S. diplomats suffer at the hands of the Russian security services. The fact that the Russian government stands accused of murdering prominent diplomats and defectors in European countries adds a level of fear for Russia’s targets.
“When the Russian government singles people out for this kind of intimidation, going from intimidation to harassment to something worse is not inconceivable,” Farkas said.
Kirby told me that the State Department takes the safety and well-being of American diplomatic and consular personnel abroad and their accompanying family members extremely seriously. “We have therefore repeatedly raised our concerns about harassment of our diplomatic and consular staff with the Russians, including at the highest levels,” he said.
Kerry raised the issue directly with Putin during his visit to Moscow in March. Putin made no promises about ending the harassment, which continued after Kerry returned to Washington. The U.S. ambassadors to Europe are asking the State Department to do more.
Leading members of Congress who are involved in diplomacy with Europe see the lack of a more robust U.S. response as part of an effort by the Obama administration to project a veneer of positive U.S.-Russian relations that doesn’t really exist.
“The problem is there have been no consequences for Russia,” said Rep. Mike Turner (R-Ohio), who serves as president of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly. “The administration continues to pursue a false narrative that Russia can be our partner. They clearly don’t want to be our partner, they’ve identified us as an adversary, and we need to prepare for that type of relationship.” http://www.pericles.ru/able/ Russian words that are similar
https://livefluent.com/the-great-list-of-russian-cognates-and-similar-words/
idioms
Russian News
Live Russian news
Russian
Russian classes
Keyword method
- Websites
- Online study:
- An Investigation into the effectiveness of the keyword method for a group of Japanese ESL
- Google search:
- Mnemonics for Study
- search for Masterrussian.com: Proper, Vodka, Nickel (Keyword method)
-
Teach2.us: Russian Vocab
- Books
- Cognition: Theories and Application
- Mnemonics and study tips for medical students
other books
- Will not buy
- Using Russian Vocabulary - Terrance Wade
Stickers
Books
- travels in Siberia
Russian comedian making fun of Americans
- TV station: РТР Планета онлайн - смотреть прямой эфир
uploaded books
- File:A Basic Modern Russian Grammar (red).pdf
- File:A_Living_Russian_Grammar_Beginner-Intermediate (OCR).pdf
- File:moscow mst kiev.docx
- File:musi pusi katya lel.docx
- File:Russian prepositions.docx
- File:Russian syllables.docx
- File:russian words to study.docx
- File:THEMESIntermediate Russian a Grammar and Workbook.pdf
- File:We Begin to Read Russian (OCR).pdf
N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-33.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-34.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-35.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-36.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-37.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-38.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-39.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-40.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-41.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-42.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-43.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-44.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-45.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-46.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-47.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-48.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-49.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-50.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-51.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-52.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-53.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-54.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-55.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-56.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-57.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-58.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-59.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-60.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-61.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-62.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-63.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-64.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-65.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-66.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-67.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-68.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-69.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-70.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-71.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-72.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-73.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-74.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-75.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-76.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-77.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-78.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-79.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-80.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-81.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-82.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-83.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-84.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-85.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-86.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-87.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-88.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-1.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-2.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-3.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-4.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-5.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-6.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-7.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-8.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-9.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-10.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-11.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-12.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-13.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-14.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-15.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-16.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-17.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-18.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-19.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-20.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-21.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-22.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-23.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-24.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-25.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-26.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-27.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-28.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-29.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-30.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-31.pdf
- File:N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book - muslim country-32.pdf
Individual pages
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Music Lyrics
Musi Pusi
|
|
broken |
| Video | Karaoke |
- Lyrics
| Муси Пуси текст песни
Я спешила, я летела к тебе |
Vavara??
Leningrad - Tits
| Holy fuck... | 00:27 |
| Kolya, who's that? | 00:29 |
| Horse with a hat. | 00:31 |
| No bullshit please. | 00:32 |
| Okay! | 00:35 |
| The world will transform instantly, | 00:37 |
| more of beauty all around, | 00:40 |
| smiles like crystals, | 00:42 |
| drawbridges will close | 00:44 |
| our riverbanks will join together, | 00:46 |
| you'll be so much closer, | 00:48 |
| ice and snow will melt down, | 00:50 |
| once I have got | 00:53 |
| my tits implanted, | 00:55 |
| May I have my bra back please? | 00:59 |
| Get it! | 01:01 |
| I told you, it's a folder on the shelf 3. | 01:05 |
| I'll call you back. | 01:09 |
| Hi... | 01:14 |
| So, girls, | 01:15 |
| I don't smoke. | 01:21 |
| once I have got | 01:23 |
| once I have got | 01:25 |
| once I have got | 01:28 |
| my tits implanted | 01:29 |
| once I have got | 01:31 |
| once I have got | 01:33 |
| once I have got | 01:35 |
| my tits implanted | 01:39 |
| tits , tits , tits, | 01:41 |
| tits , tits , tits, | 01:48 |
| tits , tits , tits, | 01:49 |
| No, just there are normal men and there is Sergey. | 01:51 |
| Can you just not jostle? | 01:54 |
| I feel absolutely great | 01:57 |
| Don't have to shave my legs, | 01:59 |
| no need to laugh at his stupid jokes... | 02:02 |
| Whiskey please! | 02:07 |
| birds will sing in a winter | 02:09 |
| no more housing problems | 02:11 |
| those sad will be happy | 02:13 |
| diamonds, gold and furs | 02:15 |
| will fall in price right away, | 02:17 |
| vodka will turn into whiskey, | 02:19 |
| there will be light, there will be happiness | 02:21 |
| once I have got | 02:24 |
| my tits implanted | 02:29 |
| I do understand everything, | 02:32 |
| but we could have had kids... | 02:35 |
| Two daughters... | 02:37 |
| And what did he trade our daughters for? | 02:41 |
| Can a human being be treated like that? | 02:44 |
| If we wait for miracles | 02:47 |
| from a Goldfish, | 02:48 |
| just like in a Pushkin's tale we will end up with a broken trough. | 02:52 |
| We'd rather work ourselves with our sleeves rolled up. | 02:55 |
| Thank you, Vladimir Vladimirovich. | 02:59 |
| Girls, get ready for "the scorpio": | 03:02 |
| right leg up. | 03:03 |
| once I have got | 03:05 |
| once I have got | 03:07 |
| once I have got | 03:09 |
| my tits implanted | 03:11 |
| once I have got | 03:13 |
| once I have got | 03:15 |
| once I have got | 03:17 |
| my tits implanted | 03:21 |
| tits, tits, tits, | 03:23 |
| tits, tits, tits, | 03:29 |
| tits, tits, tits, | 03:31 |
| tits, tits, tits, | 03:37 |
| tits! | 03:39 |
| tits! | 03:41 |
| tits! | 03:43 |
| tits! | 03:45 |
| tits! | 03:47 |
| tits! | 03:49 |
| tits! | 03:55 |
| no neighbors drilling the walls, | 03:57 |
| people all looking friendly, | 03:59 |
| fresh stout flowing from taps | 04:01 |
| almost for free | 04:03 |
| the sanctions revoked, | 04:06 |
| as well as the Magnitsky Act, | 04:08 |
| it will be warm and never cold | 04:10 |
| once I have got | 04:13 |
| my tits implanted | 04:15 |
| once I have got | 04:17 |
| once I have got | 04:19 |
| once I have got | 04:21 |
| my tits implanted | 04:23 |
| once I have got | 04:25 |
| once I have got | 04:27 |
| once I have got | 04:29 |
| my tits implanted | 04:32 |
| Sweetie! | 04:33 |
| Come on, step down here. | 04:35 |
| Hey, what's up? | 05:00 |
| Are you embarrassed or something? | 05:03 |
| N..no. | 05:04 |
| Then? | 05:11 |
| Is my breast way too small? | 05:20 |
| Well, if you like we could... | 05:24 |
| ... make you bigger tits? | 05:26 |
| I'll pay. | 05:32 |
| Lena, what's up? | 05:35 |
| Your butt is awesome though. | 05:36 |
| Yepp... |
Contents
[hide]- 1 Collective Guilt
- 2 Valor and Bravery - Hope in the face of conflict
- 3 Death
- 4 To sort
- 5 Wikipedia
- 6 New to sort
- 7 Ideologies
- 8 Bible versus
- 9 Alexis de Tocqueville
- 10 Albert Einstein
- 11 Zinn
- 12 Chomsky
- 13 20th century bogymen
- 14 American Sociology
- 15 copyright: piracy is not theft
- 16 Dataclysm: Repelling some people draws others all the closer
- 17 Media
- 18 American economy
- 19 Miscellaneous quotes
- 20 Pride
- 21 US in Central America
- 22 My quotes
- 23 War
- 24 Family
- 25 External links
- 26 Two legal systems
- 27 How America silents dissent
- 28 Public opinion does not exist
- 29 The Dunning Kruger effect. The dumber you are the smarter you think you are
- 30 Videos
- 31 idioms
- 32 Russian News
- 33 Russian
- 34 Books
- 35 Russian comedian making fun of Americans
- 36 uploaded books
- 37 N.V. Kuzmina Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya (BookZZ.org) NAKIMA book
- 38 Individual pages
- 39 Music Lyrics
- 40 Movies
- 41 Music
- 42 Online Russian dictionary
- 43 International Phonetic Alphabet
- 44 Russian syllabary
- 45 English syllabary and phonemes
- 46 syllabary languages
- 47 Morphemes
- 48 General
- 49 Почему Русские Не Улыбаются / Улыбаться нельзя хмуриться / Россия и Америка: гид по менталитетам
- 50 Глава 1: Русские – кокосы, а американцы – персики. Почему русские не улыбаются?
- 50.1 Что общего у русских с кокосами, а американцев – с персиками?
- 50.2 Дело не только во фруктах – Почему русские не улыбаются?
- 50.3 Иммиграция
- 50.4 Советская пропаганда – Американская улыбка обманчива
- 50.5 Америка – нация самых ярых индивидуалистов, Россия же не поощряет тайну личной жизни / Россия, в отличии от Америки, не поощряет тайну личной жизни
- 50.6 Русские могут решить, что за Вашей американской улыбкой скрывается высокомерие
- 51 Глава 2: Русские и Американцы
- 52 Глава 3: Уникальная Культура и Характер Русских (Этикет и Ожидания)
- 52.1 Русская душа
- 52.2 Коллективное VS Индивидуальное
- 52.3 Пессимизм русских. Пессимист – это оптимист, который кое-что знает
- 52.4 Русские врут
- 52.5 Проверка – Доверяй, но проверяй
- 52.6 Студенты Списывают в Российских ВУЗах
- 52.7 Друзья – ключ от всех дверей в России
- 52.8 Почему Равенство Важно
- 52.9 Русская «американская мечта»
- 52.10 Русские осторожны и предельно осмотрительны
- 52.11 Крайности и Противоречия Русских
- 52.12 13 Часовых Поясов – Самая большая страна в мире
- 52.13 Комплекс собственного превосходства у русских (мессианизм)
- 52.14 Бунтарская натура русских
- 52.15 Алкоголизм – Бич России
- 52.16 Русские Не Доверяют Своему Правительству
- 52.17 Время и Терпение
- 52.18 Разница в Общении
- 52.19 Для русских «Как дела?» и другие личные вопросы, которые задают иностранцы, – не то же самое, что для американцев
- 52.19.1 Язык. Разные оттенки значений
- 52.19.2 Непереводимые понятия
- 52.19.3 Русские говорят много (???)
- 52.19.4 Тесные связи между друзьями (???)
- 52.19.5 Американцы одержимы своим психическим здоровьем
- 52.19.6 Для американцев русский язык грубый, потому что они не могут выговорить даже «спасибо» и «пожалуйста»
- 52.20 Язык Тела: Русские жестикулируют эмоциональнее
- 53 Глава 4: У Русских Дома
- 54 Глава 5: Личная и половая жизнь
- 55 Глава 6: Marrying and Divorcing a Russian (???) – Почему Русские так много изменяют?
- 56 Глава 7: С Русским под Одной Крышей. Русский Быт
- 57 Глава 8: Бизнес по-русски
- 58 Глава 9: Москвичи vs. «Настоящие» русские – Что раздражает русских?
- 59 Глава 11: Заключение
- 60 Дополнительная Литература и Ссылки
- 61 Алфавитный Указатель
- 62 Сноски
- 63 Список Использованной Литературы
- 64 Об Авторах
Movies
about love for adults only
- about love for adults only
- про любовь только для взрослых
Highly recommended Russian movie about relationships
5 love stories :
- Swingers,
- life coach (John Malkovich),
- virgin,
- cop,
- wife of Russian oligarch who wants sperm from actor.
Music
Song Lyrics: ЖАННА ФРИСКЕ - ЖАННА ФРИСКЕ
English wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanna_Friske Jeanna Friske]
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Взмах длинных ресниц Ласковый взгляд наугад И все в порядке А ты выбрал себе жертву на час И ты сейчас играешь впрядки Припев: Все блондинки и брюнетки Провожают взглядом цепким Потому что понимают с кем играют Подойду к тебе шепну на ушко Догадайся кто твоя подружка Ты уходишь по-английски С Жанной Фриске Глаз, небо из страз Тысячи фраз Мне давно и так всё ясно Я знаю тебя пару часов Но играть с тобой опасно Припев: Все блондинки и брюнетки Провожают взглядом цепким Потому что понимают с кем играют Подойду к тебе шепну на ушко Догадайся кто твоя подружка Ты уходишь по-английски С Жанной Фриске Припев: Все блондинки и брюнетки Провожают взглядом цепким Потому что понимают с кем играют Подойду к тебе шепну на ушко Догадайся кто твоя подружка Ты уходишь по-английски С Жанной Фриске |
Wave of long eyelashes Affectionate look at random And everything is fine And you chose a sacrifice for yourself for an hour And now you're playing in the middle Chorus: All blondes and brunettes See off with a tenacious Because they understand who they are playing with I'll come to you whisper in your ear Guess who your girlfriend is You leave English With Zhanna Friske Eye, sky from rhinestones Thousands of Phrases For a long time and so everything is clear I know you a couple of hours But playing with you is dangerous. Chorus: All blondes and brunettes See off with a tenacious Because they understand who they are playing with I'll come to you whisper in your ear Guess who your girlfriend is You leave English With Zhanna Friske Chorus: All blondes and brunettes See off with a tenacious Because they understand who they are playing with I'll come to you whisper in your ear Guess who your girlfriend is You leave English With Zhanna Friske |
https://russkiymir.ru/publications/273776/
Whose lives matter in the USA
Anna Genova
16.06.2020
On the crest of the coronavirus, the Black Lives Matter movement (in Russian: “Black lives matter”), which opposes violence against the black population, has taken over America. In different cities of the country, some line up with a march against police arbitrariness, chanting the name of the deceased George Floyd, others trash shops and supermarkets, overthrow monuments, and others curse the rebels from the stands. Members of the Russian-speaking community of the United States were witnesses and at the same time hostages of this situation. We asked them to comment on what was happening.
“You don't care about black”
“In America, we have a little“ Battleship Potemkin ”performed by Eisenstein, a little quarantine, a little child’s disease of radicalism throughout the spectrum, a little spoiling, as well as cosmic rays, magnetic storms and sunspots , ” commented one professor and writer from USA.
I looked at photos and videos from the scene, and more than a month and a half of quarantine seclusion seemed an insignificant episode compared to the nightmare that was happening in the city where I lived for more than 10 years.
- It's pure politics - called me a familiar art dealer Greg of New - York . - What is happening now is a well-organized action. “The idiots they use,” I call the participants in the peaceful protest. Among them, leftists, antifa, anarchists - all the mob that lay at the bottom and realized that it was time to raise their heads. 4 months left before the election! If this happened 1 - 2 years ago, then no one would have paid such close attention to this situation.
Greg is a Republican, like most successful Russians in the United States. Recognizing Trump's certain mistakes, he will still vote for him as a bulwark of at least some stability.
- Unemployment plus sitting at home because of the coronavirus, plus escalating the press and social networks before the election ... And on the basis of all this, the push is the senseless murder of a black policeman filmed in a video. And then various forces use protests and pogroms, as they feel comfortable and as long as they need it. As before the previous elections, there is a sharp polarization of society, - said popular blogger Tatyana L.
Photo: BruceEmmerling / pixabay.com Photo: BruceEmmerling / pixabay.com
Disrespect for the black population is just the tip of the iceberg. The real problem is the huge ghettos where even the police try not to go. People are born, live and die in the ghetto, unable to get out of there. Greg gave an example that in the Memorial Day (Memorial has a Day) - US national holiday dedicated to the memory of soldiers who died in all wars - 49 and 10 people killed were wounded in one of the most "running" the ghetto of Chicago, until the white demonstrators in the center of chanted slogans in support of “black lives”.
Here is one of the most honest videos published in recent days on Facebook.
- Blacks are killing each other! If you want to help them, go to the black ghettos, but don’t stand here! In fact, you will never go to the black ghetto, because you do not care about us! You don't give a damn about black, stop hypocritical! And no one oppresses me, I'm a free person, ”a black girl shouts at him at a white participant in a BLM rally in Chicago.
The state of Illinois is considered one of the “blue”, democratic states of the United States. However, instead of supporting the black population, the problem of segregation is constantly aggravated, because they do not provide any real assistance to national minorities - yes, they are paid an allowance, but they do not try to increase school subsidies or remove children from dysfunctional families - no one wants to go there.
“Where is she, freedom?”
“ When dismantling the monuments, do not touch the pedestals. They can still come in handy , ” said the Polish philosopher and wit Stanislav Jerzy Lets, and protesters follow his advice. Monuments to Christopher Columbus in Virginia and Minnesota have already been demolished, and in Boston - beheaded. Monument at the New York Columbus Circle day and night guards a police outfit. The list of demolished and desecrated monuments is constantly growing.
Demolished by activists monument to Thomas Jefferson in Portland. The inscription on the pedestal: "slave owner." Photo: rf-smi.ru Demolished by activists monument to Thomas Jefferson in Portland. The inscription on the pedestal: "slave owner." Photo: rf-smi.ru
Another news that struck many: the famous American film Gone With the Wind (1939) was removed from the HBO Max broadcast grid. The film may still please moviegoers, but with a note about the presence of “controversial topics,” writes The Wall Street Journal. An interesting detail - the performer of the role of the black servant Hattie McDaniel became the first black woman to receive an Oscar.
The radical organization Color of Change ("Color of Changes") said that the police series " make heroes out of cops that violate our rights ." Meanwhile, the police are one of the most popular heroes among the inhabitants. In addition to the closure of the famous series "Cops", even the children's cartoon "Paw Patrol", which tells about a team of dogs that help residents of the town, is at risk. The team has a police shepherd Chase, due to which the creators of the series criticized the propaganda for the promotion of "good cops."
- We remember very well how in the days of the USSR they destroyed films with objectionable actors, banned music because it was not close to the people, is it really all repeated today on another continent? We went to a free country, but where is freedom? - the friend’s father shrugs his hands, who moved to America in the distant 1980s.
Well, and the music news: the famous Metropolitan Opera announced on the net that it will now hire far more African-American musicians. It's no secret that Met, like any worthy collective, conducts only blind auditions, so shocked musicians began to ask how this rule would be consistent with such a statement. It remains only to sympathize with the PR agent of the theater, because it is difficult to give an intelligible answer to these questions.
Discount police
Calls to strip the police (Defund police) became a unifying slogan of protesters and at the same time a political tool for Donald Trump, who accused his opponents of being soft-willed, promising to send the military to disperse the republic of CHAZ ("Capitol Hill Autonomous Region"), created by protesters in downtown Seattle, and other riots.
My friend Pavel from New Haven (Connecticut) lives in a well-maintained area and works for a large IT company.
“ I have practically no acquaintances among black Americans, but I, in my own limited experience with the police, understand that she does not favor them.” Therefore, I consider their complaints against the police justified. Pogroms and theft, of course, do not add love and trust. But they are connected with each other: rich and satisfied people are unlikely to go to rob stores. For some reason, the “black” regions of America are much poorer, which means education is worse and more crime, and the police are more afraid of them, ”he says .
Despite the fact that many Russian Americans agree that local police often mistreat African Americans undeservedly, and in general the image of the American macho policeman is popular in the United States, most do not agree with either a reduction in the number of police personnel or a weakening of it. When street riots began in New York, this also affected private entrepreneurs - and then the imposing-looking members of the Russian-speaking biker club Bratva took to the streets of Brighton Beach and the surrounding area. Volunteers began patrolling the streets on motorbikes, armed with stun guns and batons. So far, no criminal cases have been recorded in this area.
"We demand police accountability." Photo: BruceEmmerling / pixabay.com
Stubborn numbers
Монмутский университет (Monmouth University) провёл опрос, согласно которому 76 % американцев (включая 71 % белых американцев) назвали расизм и дискриминацию «большой проблемой» в Соединённых Штатах. Это скачок сразу на 26 % по сравнению с 2015 годом. В ходе опроса 57 % американцев заявили, что гнев демонстрантов полностью оправдан, а еще 21 % назвали его «отчасти оправданным».
Тем временем статистические данные Remington показывают, что меры Трампа по отношению к протестующим одобряет чуть более половины населения – 52% (с каждым днём эта цифра падает), в то время как 31 % обвиняют в беспорядках левых, а 24 % обвиняют самих протестующих. 80 % всех опрошенных доверяют полиции, в то время как 46 % чернокожих респондентов не доверяют охранникам правопорядка.
Расслоение в школах
А вот требование активистов уволнять журналистов и учителей за неполиткорректность претворяется в жизнь гораздо быстрее, чем все остальные. На днях случился скандал с преподавателем Калифорнийского университета UCLA Гордоном Кляйном, передразнившим одного из афроамериканских студентов, когда тот спросил, не ожидается ли каких-то послаблений на экзамене в связи с ситуацией в Миннеаполисе. «Подскажите мне, как я могу узнать, если все занятия веду в Zoom, кто из моих студентов точно афроамериканец, какое послабление мне давать людям смешанных кровей и в какой пропорции?», – поинтересовался преподаватель. Антагонисты здорового юмора собрали уже почти 20 тысяч подписей за то, чтобы лишить преподавателя работы, к счастью, у профессора появилось ещё больше сторонников.
«Расовый вопрос» в колледжах обходят стороной.
– В приличном либеральном обществе об этом говорить не полагается, потому что в любом случае афроамериканцы – жертвы и только жертвы. Но это не так, на что справедливо указывал Барак Обама, – заметил в личном разговоре русскоязычный профессор-политолог.
Ситуация в школах от штата к штату разная, но далеко не везде государственные школы дают надежду на светлое будущее, а хорошие частные школы невероятно дороги.
Моя знакомая художница преподаёт искусство в чикагской публичной школе. Анна поделилась своим опытом столкновения с «системным расизмом» в штате Иллинойс:
– Система образования в Штатах устроена так, что государственные школы в основном финансируются из налогов на недвижимость того района, к которому принадлежит школа. Среди чёрных владельцев недвижимости гораздо меньше, чем среди белых, потому что ещё лет 60 назад, когда простые белые американцы обзаводились домами в пригородах, у чёрных такой возможности не было. Расизм был ещё узаконен, и им просто не продавали дома и не давали ссуду в банках. Сейчас по закону так делать нельзя. Но! 60 лет – это два-три поколения, за которые белые семьи свою недвижимость перепродали, поменяли на лучшую, передали по наследству детям и внукам и т. д. Недвижимость выросла в цене. Всё это время черные семьи жили в арендованных квартирах или домах, им нечего было передать детям и внукам. А самим детям уже гораздо труднее купить дом или квартиру, так как цены на недвижимость растут, а зарплаты – нет.
Возвращаюсь к нашим школам. Из-за этого расслоения на богатые белые и бедные чёрные районы государственные школы в них получают разное финансирование. Если в школе Нью-Триер в городе Виннетка (северный пригород Чикаго) есть два олимпийского размера бассейна, концертный зал, своя автослесарная мастерская, столярные мастерские, студии для работы по керамике и так далее, то в школе Харлан на 97 улице Чикаго, где я работала, ничего этого нет. В Нью-Триер приезжают представители крупнейших колледжей Америки, здесь они ищут подающих надежды студентов. В Харлан же приезжают представители армии и объясняют детям, что армия – это их единственный шанс получить образование. Вот и идут богатые белые ребята в Лигу плюща (объединение наиболее престижных университетов США – ред.) и получают высокооплачиваемые работы, а бедные чёрные, получившие слабое образование, потому что школе хватало финансов только на основные дисциплины, идут в армию или на низкооплачиваемые работы.
Недавно в некоторых районах Нью-Йорка начала действовать экспериментальная программа, согласно которой дети отправляются в среднюю школу по лотерее. Таким образом, каждый ребёнок может попасть в хорошую школу вне зависимости от результатов окончания начальной школы. Но тут возникает отдельная тема – права детей азиатского происхождения. Им и их семьям, наоборот, обидно, что появилась такая уравниловка, ведь, чтобы попасть в лучшие школы страны, они учились с двойным усердием. И на тебе – лотерея!
Photo: BruceEmmerling / pixabay.com Фото: BruceEmmerling / pixabay.com
Keep Calm and Carry On
«Мой папа изменил мир», – сказала дочь погибшего Джорджа Флойда, сидя на плечах бывшего баскетболиста, друга ее отца Стивена Джексона, благодаря которому трагедия получила столь широкий резонанс. И это действительно так. Правда, в какую сторону изменится этот мир, сейчас непонятно.
Британский лозунг Keep Calm and Carry On («Сохраняй спокойствие и продолжай действовать!») появился в 1939 году. Королевская почта вывесила его буквально в каждом почтовом отделении, чтобы поднимать дух работников в тяжёлые времена, когда почту приходилось разносить по разрушенным улицам. Будем надеяться, что американцы, к какой бы национальности или расе, культуре или религии ни относились, обретут свои ориентиры, несмотря ни на что.
Мнение редакции может не совпадать с мнениями, приведёнными в статье
Heading: Articles
Subject: Diaspora Tags: society , Black Lives Matter , protests ALSO ON TOPIC Anna Voronko Natalya Wenson: “We teach children to love their roots” Russian temple on the Riga seaside Natalia Semaan: “We cultivate historical memory” Vice-Mayor of Sunny Isles Beach (USA): “She saved the Russian surname as a piece of her homeland” NEW PUBLICATIONS
Anna Voronko 17.06.2020 To the south of Paris, in the small suburb of Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois, is the well-known Russian cemetery. Being a historical monument in itself, it contains tens and hundreds of other monuments, graves of people, officers and soldiers who found their last refuge in a foreign land. In addition to the monuments known to all participants in the Civil War, those who fought in World War II are also buried, of which much less is known.
Natalya Wenson: “We teach children to love their roots” 15.06.2020 In May 2020, the first meeting of a new public organization, the Association of Russian Schools in the United States, was held. The organizer of the association was the United States Corridor for Social Protection and Social Development together with the Rossinka Silicon Valley cultural and educational center for Russian-speaking families. We talked about the new organization with the president of Rossinka Natalia Venzon.
“Without geography, we are nowhere” 15.06.2020 Ivan Kolechkin is a truly happy person. He deals exclusively with what he likes and is interested in. But he is interested in a lot - to travel around the world, write poems, songs, come up with scripts for television and radio programs. But the main thing that unites all these hobbies is geography. A teacher of geography and a popularizer of science, he is convinced that by and large there is nothing that is not geographical.
Neskuchny Russian: slogans of time 11.06.2020 On June 12, 1990, at the first congress of people's deputies of the RSFSR, a Declaration on the State Sovereignty of Russia was adopted. The path of the new Russia can be traced by slogans and symbolic expressions that give an idea of what is happening in the country.
The basic law of Russia 11.06.2020 June 12 - Day of Russia and 30 years since the signing of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR. Against the background of updating the Constitution, the milestone looks especially symbolic. After all, amendments to the Basic Law are not only about social guarantees, protection of labor rights and the distribution of powers between branches of government. They are also about Russia - about its national interests and values.
In order not to get “kicks” from the story 11.06.2020 The Search Movement of Russia (DA) opens the field season 2020. The search engines, continuing to establish the names of the collective Unknown Soldier, will focus this summer on the search for burials of killed civilians - women, children, old people who have been occupied.
“Love of Russian culture is unthinkable without the Russian language” 09.06.2020 At the end of this school year, the fifth United Children's International Dictation was to be held, which was invented by the creator of the Russian school in Barcelona, “Planet of Knowledge” Elena Rud. Literally immediately, this action became popular among compatriots - last year more than three thousand children from Russian schools in 36 countries took part in it. ABOUT THE RUSSIAN WORLD PORTAL Информационный портал о России �и Русском мире. Новости, публикации о русском языке, культуре, истории, науке, образовании. Информация о деятельности фонда «Русский мир». Каталог русскоязычных организаций с возможностью самостоятельной регистрации. МЕНЮ Фонд Новости Гранты Публикации Русские центры Журнал “Русский мир.ru” Образование Телеканал Каталог организаций Радиоканал ФОНД “РУССКИЙ МИР” © 2019 Все права защищены При цитировании информации гиперссылка на портал «Русский мир» обязательна.
Политика конфиденциальности
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| May 1787
May1877.com (Archive) • Peace | ||
| Protests | ||
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| Peace:Psychological Research Explains Why People Protest * Peace:Russian Peace * Peace:Russian Peace | ||
| Regions of the World with American Wars | ||
| Peace:Yemen | ||
| Quotes | ||
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"The loud little handful will shout for war. The pulpit will warily and cautiously protest at first…The great mass of the nation will rub its sleepy eyes, and will try to make out why there should be a war, and they will say earnestly and indignantly: ‘It is unjust and dishonorable and there is no need for war.' Then the few will shout even louder…Before long you will see a curious thing: anti-war speakers will be stoned from the platform, and free speech will be strangled by hordes of furious men who still agree with the speakers but dare not admit it...Next, statesmen will invent cheap lies, putting blame upon the nation that is attacked, and every man will be glad of those conscience-soothing falsities, and will diligently study them, and refuse to examine any refutations of them; and thus he will by and by convince himself that the war is just, and will thank God for the better sleep he enjoys after this process of grotesque self-deception." --Mark Twain | ||
Original website: https://web.archive.org/web/20160323012451/http://youareapuppet.com/mw/index.php?title=Main_Page
Online Russian dictionary
- 1) splits up Russian words into syllables,
- 2) shows where the stress is in each Russian word,
- 3) shows how to pronounce each word using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
- Syllabary - an alphabet in which each character represents a complete syllable
- Phoneme - the smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word different from another word
International Phonetic Alphabet
- WIKIPEDIA: International Phonetic Alphabet
- official site: International Phonetic Alphabet
Russian syllabary
English syllabary and phonemes
- How many syllables does English have? 15831 syllable candidates.
- Phonemic transcriptions of over 250,000 English words
- Of the 11,500 or so possible, only about 2,700 are used.[1]
- The Number of Phonemes in English - Counting the number of phonemes is like counting the number of colors in a rainbow.
- Is there a list of syllables contained in US English?
Keyword method
Websites
Online study:
- An Investigation into the effectiveness of the keyword method for a group of Japanese ESL
Google search:
- Mnemonics for Study
- search for Masterrussian.com: Proper, Vodka, Nickel (Keyword method)
Teach2.us: Russian Vocab
Books
Cognition: Theories and Application
Mnemonics and study tips for medical students other books DK Visual Russian-English
syllabary languages
The Cherokee language is written in a syllabary, a kind of alphabet in which each character represents a complete syllable. In English, each character (or letter) usually represents a single phoneme, or sound. The English language has far too many syllables (tens of thousands!) for an English syllabary to be useful, but the Cherokee syllabary is a practical way of writing down the spoken Cherokee language.
Morphemes
People usually think of words as the smallest unit of language, but there are even smaller pieces of words called morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest parts of words that convey meaning. Many words contain more than one morpheme.
Let’s use an example word, unsuccessful, to analyze the meaning of the term morpheme. Unsuccessful has three component morphemes: the first one, un, gives the negative meaning; the last one, ful, explains there is plenty and indicates the word is in the form of an adjective. The middle morpheme, success, gives the primary meaning of the word. In this example, un is a prefix, a type of morpheme that must be affixed before another unit. Suffixes, such as ful, must be after another unit. Success is the root morpheme. It carries the basic meaning of our word unsuccessful.
Word meaning can also be changed by inflectional morphemes. Consider how meaning changes when s is added to dog. It becomes plural: dogs. How does meaning change when we add ’s to dog? It shows possession: the dog’s tail. How does meaning change when s is added to ask? It becomes asks and is used to form the third person singular in the present tense: The student asks an important question. These changes are examples of how inflectional morphemes contribute meaning.
General
- Omniglot: The online encyclopedia of writing systems and languages: Syllabaries
"Почему Русские Не Улыбаются?" (Русская версия)
- ‘Почему Русские Не Улыбаются:' ~149 страниц. Английская версия книги: https://bit.ly/2YGSAYE (Черновик №9)
ВНИМАНИЕ: Страница в стадии перевода. Прошу не менять ничего, чтобы не пропали мои личные заметки по поводу текста и вариантов перевода! С уважением, Анна М.
ATTENTION: The page is being translated. Please do not change anything so that my notes, translation variants, and texts wouldn't disappear! Best regards, Anna M.
Почему Русские Не Улыбаются / Улыбаться нельзя хмуриться / Россия и Америка: гид по менталитетам
Титульная страница
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Почему Русские Не Улыбаются? Подробное описание различий между русскими и американцами
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Россия – это загадка, завернутая в тайну и помещенная внутрь головоломки.
- — Уинстон Черчилль, октябрь 1939 года.
Я еще не видел такого человека, который понимал бы русский народ.
- — Великий князь Александр Михайлович Романов (1866–1933 гг.)[4]
Благодарности
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Мы выражаем особую благодарность Люку Джонсу за то, что вдохновил нас назвать эту книгу именно так/на название этой книги. Мы также горячо благодарим Светлану Третьякову, Ирину Чепайкину, Глеба Глинку, Джейн Евгению Фейнберг Иванов, Эдварда Эдриан-Вэлленс, Ли Му, Фелипе Малкавиан и Кристину Хохлачову. |
Содержание
Введение - “Я еще не видел такого человека, который понимал бы русский народ” - Коллективизм VS Индивидуализм
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“В чужой монастырь со своим уставом не ходят”[5] Посетив Россию в первый раз, многие американцы, вернувшись/возвращаясь на родину, с удивлением замечают: "Не понимаю, почему раньше нам было так сложно общаться с русскими. Они же совсем как мы!" Стоит сходить друг к другу в гости и присмотреться поближе, как сразу понимаешь: между русскими и американцами действительно много явных отличий. В этой книге мы постараемся объяснить эти различия, а так же объяснить американцам, почему русские ведут себя так, а не иначе. Читатели из США также смогут узнать много нового и интересного про своё поведение и привычки. Ведь, как сказал один социолог, “тот, кто знает одну страну, не знает ни одной”.[6] Между русскими и американцами есть на первый взгляд достаточно очевидные сходства:
Русские стремятся “найти баланс между противоречивыми мировоззрениями Европы и Азии, между Западом, который уверен, что человек должен иметь личные свободы, и Востоком, утверждающим, что человек должен быть частью общества.” (In Russia there is the desire “to find the balance between the conflicting outlooks of Europe and Asia, between Western claims to personal freedom and Oriental insistence on the integration of the individual into the community.”) –Зернов Н.М. (1898-1980), русский исследователь православной культуры.[8]
На теме коллективизма мы подробнее остановимся в главе ##[chapter]##. |
Глава 1: Русские – кокосы, а американцы – персики. Почему русские не улыбаются?
Template:2 Chapter 1: Russian Coconuts & American Peaches - Why don’t Russians Smile?
Что общего у русских с кокосами, а американцев – с персиками?
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Смех без причины – признак дурачины. – русская пословица[12]  !!! https://hbr-russia.ru/karera/kommunikatsii/p13958 !!! плагиат?! копипаста?! Самая запоминающаяся метафора того, чем отличаются русские от американцев, это, пожалуй, теория персиков и кокосов: культура США относится к типу "персик", а культура России – к типу "кокос". Эта аналогия была впервые проведена двумя культурологами.[13] Представители персиковой культуры (как, например, в США и Бразилии) дружелюбны и открыты ("мягкие" как мякоть персика), они обычно открыты новым знакомствам. Персики часто улыбаются незнакомцам, быстро переходят на "ты", легко делятся информацией о себе и задают личные вопросы тем, кого едва знают. Американцы обычно охотно делятся всеми подробностями своей жизни (читай, они получают удовольствие от общения с другими/этого), а русские отвечают расплывчато и неэмоционально/нейтрально, таким образом проявляя уважение к другим. В культурологическом плане Америка – это персик, "мякоть" которого можно получить очень просто/буквально лежит на поверхности, она словно всеобщее достояние, которое доступно всем, но внутри этого фрукта находится практически непробиваемая каменная косточка. С русскими дело обстоит иначе: их "мякоть" очень тяжело достать, но как только Вам получится пробраться сквозь их скорлупу, они безоговорочно раскроют Вам всю свою душу. Кстати, пробить эту скорлупу поможет алкоголь.[14] После дружественной беседы с персиком русский может внезапно натолкнуться на твёрдую косточку, в которой прячется настоящая личность персика; так могут внезапно прерваться отношения между кокосом и персиком. Представители кокосовых культур (например, жители России и Германии) изначально более закрыты от незнакомцев, чем персики. Они редко улыбаются на улице, задают личные вопросы случайным знакомым или делятся личной информацией о себе с теми, кого плохо знают. Однако по мере того, как кокос будет узнавать Вас всё ближе и ближе, ваши отношения будут становиться всё теплее. Отношения кокосов строятся дольше, чем у персиков, но они будут длиться дольше.[15] Кокосы могут реагировать на то, как ведут себя персики, по-разному. Некоторые думают, что такая открытость – это попытка завязать дружбу, и когда персики не отвечают взаимностью/внезапно прекращают общение, кокосы делают вывод, что персики двуличны и лицемерны. Многие русские думают, что Американская Улыбка ненастоящая и показная/напускная/фальшивая.
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Дело не только во фруктах – Почему русские не улыбаются?
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Russians don’t smile much, but that doesn’t mean they don’t like you. In preparation for the 2018 World Cup in Russia, Russian workers were taught how to properly smile at the foreign soccer fans who would soon be visiting their country. In 1990, when Mcdonalds opened its first franchise in Moscow, workers had to be trained to be polite and smile. Russians will be quick to tell you that in Russia, randomly smiling at strangers is often viewed as a sign of mental illness or inferior intellect. To Americans, it might be easy to assume that this says something about Russians — that they are an unfriendly, callous people. But that’s not true at all. Instead, it may be worth looking at why certain expressions, such as smiling, become a key part of social exchanges in some cultures and not others.[19][20][21] Some authors have quipped that Russia is a "Bitchy Resting Face Nation". Resting bitch face is a facial expression that makes a person unintentionally appear to be angry, annoyed, irritated, or feeling contempt, especially when the individual is relaxed.[22] So why are Russians like “coconuts” and Americans like “peaches”? Why do Russians often think Americans are either idiots and insincere? Why do Americans feel that Russians are unfriendly and cold? Thankfully there are many social science theories that have explored this topic. These include: ##ADD##
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Иммиграция
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Studies have shown that countries such as America with high levels of immigration historically are forced to learn to rely more on nonverbal cues. Thus, you might have to smile more to build trust and cooperation, since you don’t all speak the same language. First, picture an American cowboy out on the range coming across a lonely Indian. At the beginning of their encounter he may wave and then smile as he cautiously approaches to show that he has no ill intention. Or one can imagine an immigrant with limited English arriving and desperately looking for work. They quickly come to realize the value of smiling to show their alacrity to work and their new patrons smile to show they approve of their services. In contrast, in historical homogenous Russian villages (mir), Russians knew the same people and lived among the same people for generations. The village was similar to one big family. A Russian did not have to hide their feelings among the large village family members.[23]
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Советская пропаганда – Американская улыбка обманчива
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In general, the American smile has a terrible reputation in Russia. This campaign started in the early Soviet era. There were sinister smiles on old agitprop (political communist art and literature propaganda) posters of caricature "U.S. imperialists" wearing trademark cylinder hats, smoking cigars, salivating and smiling as they relished their piles of money and power over the world’s exploited classes. Later, starting from the Khrushchev and Brezhnev eras and continuing until the late 1980s, the Soviet print and television media carried regular reports called “Their Customs,” explaining that Americans, a power-hungry people, smiled to deceive others. Soviets were told that behind the superficial American smile is an “imperialist wolf revealing its ferocious teeth.” The seemingly friendly American smile, Soviets were told, is really a trick used to entice trusting Soviet politicians to let their guard down, allowing Americans to deceive them both in business deals and in foreign policy. An example that Russian conservatives love to quote is when then-U.S. Secretary of State James Baker in February 1990 reportedly used his “charming, cunning Texas smile” to trick then-Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev into agreeing to a unified Germany as long as the United States pledged verbally that NATO would not extend “an inch further” to the east. The image of an insincere, insidious American smile was used in Soviet propaganda mainly to depict U.S. politicians, “warmongers” from the military-industrial complex and other “bourgeois capitalists,” but it also applied to normal Americans, who, Soviets were told, use smiles to betray one another in business and personal relations. The message was clear: Feel fortunate you live in the Soviet Union, which has an honest moral code of conduct, where people trust one another and where there is complete harmony at work and among different nationalities. Unlike the American smile, the Soviet smile was sincere, according to the official propaganda, because Soviets had so much to be happy about — guaranteed jobs and housing, free education, inexpensive sausage, a nuclear war chest to protect the empire, and Yury Gagarin, who beat the Americans to space. During the perestroika era of the 1980s, the American smile was a common reference point when the topic of rude Soviet service was discussed. In post-Soviet Russia, business motivational speakers often preach the value of implanting U.S. know-how — the “technique of smiling” — among employees in stores, restaurants and other service-oriented companies. In this spirit, McDonald’s restaurants in the 1990s even included a “smile” on its Russian menu together with the price: “free.”[24][25]
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Америка – нация самых ярых индивидуалистов, Россия же не поощряет тайну личной жизни / Россия, в отличии от Америки, не поощряет тайну личной жизни
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American culture tends to be more extraverted. Americans are more likely to seek contact with strangers and outsiders as a way of building success. They are more extraverted and adventurous as a nation. Americans, especially in the western states, tend to embrace their connection to their frontier past and idealize the individual exploring their limits and seeking their own fortune. There is a sense that one can rise and fall on their own merits. In a culture that prizes individualism so highly, there are no predetermined social links. In addition 24 percent of Americans move every 5 years, making it one of the most geographically mobile countries.[26] Americans must always be ready to invest in new social ties. In contrast, Russians have a tendency to function in tight social units. Think of a large family living in close quarters and working together. There is a close association with the welfare of the group and individual well-being. Ethics are largely seen as expressions of loyalty to your family and social network and not to individual ideals (For example, Russians are more likely to cheat or lie for a friend). In close living and cooperation the sense of privacy disappears. In fact, a word for privacy doesn’t even exist in Russian ##see##. There is a sense of a shared existence and no need to emphasize a positive attitude or ornament your facial expressions and interactions because much is taken to be understood. There is less of a sense that a smile is needed. However, that does not mean that Russians don’t have a need for individual privacy or protection from unwanted scrutiny. Given that Russians have no expectation of privacy in their homes, apartments, workplace, or in public spaces, their sense of privacy lies closer to their own skin. They feel less obligated to share their personal feelings and may have seemingly impenetrable expressions on their faces. A century before the virus Covid-19 made the term “social distance” popular, sociologists used the term in a completely different way. Sociologists call a county’s individualist versus collective characteristics as “social distance”.[27][28] Social distance is measured by the expectation of privacy in a country. The lower the social distance, the less privacy in a country. Studies have found that in Russia, social distance is lower relative to the U.S. Russians rely on more mutual understanding and longer shared national history to a much greater extent than Americans. Thus, there’s less pressure to display a positive emotion like smiling to signal friendliness or openness, because it’s generally assumed a fellow Russian is already on the same wavelength.[29][30]
When there’s greater social distance there is a greater sense that it is up to the individual to seek their own fortune as opposed to the collective group in a nation. There’s more of a live and let live mentality. Americans expect a certain amount of privacy, even in public places; “one needs to mind their own business”. This can also lead to a sense of social anxiety and isolation and strangers can seem more strange or foreign than they are in reality. There may be more wiggle room to get into trouble during a chance new encounter with a stranger. When it does happen, it can be anxiety-inducing. Therefore, the common wisdom when approaching strangers is to smile and express warmth in a way that can help the other person feel at ease.[31] The American smile is habitual. Americans are commonly required to smile at work. More smiles means more comfortable transactions and happier customers, which translates to more money for the owner. Nonetheless, when interacting with other cultures, your American smile may be misinterpreted as arrogance. In countries with greater cultural uniformity, people sometimes smile, not to show cooperation, but that they don’t take the other person seriously or that they are superior. If you live in Russia very long you start hearing that American smiles are “fake”. Russians may wonder what is hidden behind a smile. But for the average American, there is nothing behind the American smile. It is a habitual form of communication. However, even in America there are some regional differences in regards to the smile. People from “American heartland” may see a smile differently than a big city urban smile.[32] Americans have a term called "PASSIVE AGGRESSIVE" Пассивно-агрессивное поведение – people from the capital of America – where one of the authors worked for 8 years – are very Пассивно-агрессивное. They will smile as they stab you in the back.
"Why should I smile at someone I don't know? I'm not a clown. If I'm ready for a serious conversation I have to look serious."Visson, Lynn. (2001). Wedded Strangers: The Challenges of Russian-American Marriages. Hippocrene Books.
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Русские могут решить, что за Вашей американской улыбкой скрывается высокомерие
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When interacting with other cultures, your American smile may be misinterpreted as arrogance. In countries with greater cultural uniformity, people sometimes smile, not to show cooperation, but that they don’t take the other person seriously or that they are superior.
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Глава 2: Русские и Американцы
Template:2 Russians and Americans
Западники и славянофилы
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To Russia, in its hunger for civilization, the West seemed “the land of miracles.…”
Russia’s love-hate relationship with the United States and the West has given rise to two schools of thought: Westernizers (зáпадничество) and Slavophiles (Славянофильство). Beginning in the second half of the 19th century, both can be regarded as Russian patriots, although they have historically held opposing views on Russia’s position in the world. Both groups, recognizing Russia’s backwardness, sought to borrow from the West in order to modernize. Historically Russian Westernizers sought to borrow from the West to modernize. They felt Russia would benefit from Western enlightenment, rationalism, rule of law, technology, manufacturing, and the growth of a middle class. Among the Westernizers were political reformers, liberals, and socialists. Slavophiles also sought to borrow from the West, but they were determined to protect and preserve Russia’s unique cultural values and traditions. A more collective group, they rejected individualism and regarded the Church, rather than the state, as Russia’s leading historical and moral force. Slavophiles were admirers of agricultural life and were critical of urban development and industrialization. Slavophiles sought to preserve the mir (agricultural village communes) in order to prevent the growth of a Russian working class (proletariat). They opposed socialism as alien to Russia and preferred Russian mysticism to Western rationalism. Among the Slavophiles were philosophical conservatives, nationalists, and the Church. The controversy between Westernizers and Slavophiles has flared up throughout Russian history. These two schools of thought divided Russian socialism between Marxists and Populists, Russian Marxists between Mensheviks and Bolsheviks, and Bolsheviks between opponents and followers of Stalin. The controversy has been between those who believed in Europe and those who believed in Russia.[33][34] Today the conflict continues between supporters and opponents of reform, modernizers and traditionalists, internationalists and nationalists. Today’s conservative Russians who seek to preserve Russia’s faith and harmony are ideological descendants of the Slavophiles. For them, the moral basis of society takes priority over individual rights and material progress, a view held today by many Russians, noncommunist as well as communist. As Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918 – 2008) said from his self-imposed seclusion in Vermont, 15 years after his forced exile from the Soviet Union:
This school of thought has given Russia a superiority complex toward the West in things ethereal and an inferiority complex in matters material. The West is seen as spiritually impoverished and decadent, and Russia as morally rich and virtuous. |
Глава 3: Уникальная Культура и Характер Русских (Этикет и Ожидания)
Template:2 Russians’ Unique Culture and Character (Social Etiquette and Expectations
«Всякий русский – милейший человек, пока не напьётся. Как азиат он очарователен. И лишь когда настаивает, чтобы к русским относились не как к самому западному из восточных народов, а, напротив, как к самому восточному из западных, превращается в этническое недоразумение, с которым, право, нелегко иметь дело. Он сам никогда не знает, какая сторона его натуры возобладает в следующий миг» — Редьярд Киплинг, «Бывший» (1900).
Русская душа
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The famous “Russian soul” was to no small extent the product of this agonizing uncertainty regarding Russia’s proper geographical, social, and spiritual position in the world, the awareness of a national personality that was split between East and West. —Tibor Szamuely, The Russian Tradition (1974). Just because Russians “don't smile” does not mean that inwardly they are soulless drones or secretly conniving. Russians smile when they have a genuine reason. Russian smiles are authentic. Furthermore, although they deeply value intellectualism and education (erudition), they are leery of (antithetical towards) being ruled by logic. In fact, Russians value the ability to fully experience and act on their passions and emotions. The Russkaya dusha (Russian soul) is well known in the arts, where it manifests itself as emotion, sentimentality, exuberance, energy, the theatre and flamboyant skill. But Russian soul is much more than just the arts. It is the very essence of Russian behavior. The Russian soul can turn up suddenly in the most unexpected places—and just as suddenly disappear. Just when foreigners believe that Russians are about to get down to serious business, they can become decidedly emotional and unbusinesslike.
The Russian soul is often derided in the West as a fantasy of artists, composers, and writers. If the Russian soul ever really existed, this argument goes, it was the product of a traditional agricultural society that had very little in material goods to offer. In a modern industrial society the Russian soul is quickly forgotten and Russians become as realistic, practical, materialistic, and unromantic as Westerners.[36][37] As in many aspects of Russia, the truth is more complex and lies somewhere in between. Russians do have a rich spirituality that does indeed contrast with Western rationalism, materialism, and pragmatism. Russians suffer but based on the amount their popular literature discusses suffering, Russians seem to enjoy this suffering. Obsessed with ideas, their conversations are weighty and lengthy. Russians often reject the American’s rational and pragmatic approach. Instead personal relations, feelings, and traditional values determine their course of action. In contrast, Westerners tend to view themselves as pragmatic, relying on the cold facts.[38][39]
Even today emotions and personal feelings still matter to Russians. The future of the Russian soul brother Russians. It has survived centuries of church and state domination and 70 years of communism. Will it also survive, they wonder, the transition to the free market and democracy, and the call of Western culture?[46]
There is definitely a set of characteristics, often referred to as “the Russian soul”, that make Russians unique. Expats who say there isn’t, as well as Russians who say foreigners will never be able to understand it (умом Россию не понять), are both wrong.[49]
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Коллективное VS Индивидуальное
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[For Russians] the striving for [group] activity has always prevailed over individualism.
[Russia has always valued the] communal way of life over the merely individual. Community was seen so near to the ideal of brotherly love, which forms the essence of Christianity and thus represents the higher mission of the people. In this “higher mission” a commune—a triumph of human spirit—was understood as opposing law, formal organizations, and personal interests.
Sobornost (communal spirit, togetherness) distinguishes Russians from Westerners in which individualism and competitiveness are more common characteristics. The contrast between Russian communalism and American individualism can best be seen in the historical differences between Russian peasants (serfs) and American farmers. America’s settlers were independent farmers and ranchers who owned their own land and lived on it, self-sufficient and distant from their neighbors. In contrast to the Russian peasants of the mir (a medieval agricultural village commune), American farmers lived behind fences that marked the limits of their property. The Americans were entrepreneurs in the sense that they managed their property individually, taking economic risks and self-regulating their own lives, independent of the state and without being dependent on the community. Although the United States also has had its own communes, these communes have existed on the fringes of society rather than at its center. In the United States, the commune is considered alien (except for Native Americans, who also lived a communal lifestyle). To Russians, the commune is a deep part of their psyche. Individualism is esteemed in the West, but in Russian the word has a negative (pejorative) meaning. Steeped in the heritage of the communal village, Russians think of themselves as members of a community rather than as individuals. Individualism is equated with selfishness or lack of regard for the community. Communal culture helps explain many of Russian’s characteristics, for example their behavior in crowds. Physical contact with complete strangers—repellent to Americans and West Europeans— does not bother Russians. When getting onto the subway complete strangers may touch, push, shove, and jostle about like siblings competing for the last morsel of chicken. They may elbow you without serious reflection or fear of resentment. A crowd of passengers attempting to board a ship in Odessa in the early 1960s caught the attention of South African author Laurens van der Post. The crowd pushed and jostled in a way that would appear uncivil to the traveler, but the ship’s officer collecting tickets seemed completely unbothered by it. Even when passengers shouted at the officer and elbowed him out of the way, he did not appear irritated, nor did yell for them to calm down. A group of French tourists became annoyed by the crowd’s persistent jostling and, taking personal offense, lashed out angrily at everyone within their vicinity. “The Russians were horrified at such lack of traveling manners presumably because it was personal retaliation and not the collective, impersonal pressure they were all applying to get through a bottleneck.”[51] Foreign visitors who are averse to close contact should avoid the Moscow Metro (subway) especially during rush hours, when trains run every 90 seconds but the metro is generally still crowded the rest of the day. Americans have a distinct line between work and personal relationships. In contrast, after working together all day, Russian factory and office employees will spend evenings in group excursions to theaters and other cultural events organized by their supervisors or groups, such as in the artel (workers’ cooperatives). Russians seem compelled to intrude into the private affairs of others. Older Russians admonish young men and women—complete strangers—for perceived wrongdoings, using the term of address molodoy chelovek (young man) or dyevushka (girl). On the streets, older women volunteer advice to young mothers on the care of their children. In a collective society, everybody’s business is also everyone else’s.
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Пессимизм русских. Пессимист – это оптимист, который кое-что знает
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Хотели как лучше, а получилось как всегда.
Russian pessimism is the source of many Russian jokes (anekdoti). According to one, pessimists say, “Things can’t be worse than they are now.” Optimists say, “Yes they can.” Another antidote describes a pessimist as an informed optimist. It is no secret, of course, that Americans love happy endings -- to the point of childishness, many Russians say. Russian pessimism contrasts with American innocence, naivety, and optimism. Americans expect things to go well, and they become annoyed when they do not. Russians expect things to go poorly and are prepared for disappointments. This can be seen in Russian horoscopes which unlike their American counterparts seem full of gloom and doom. To American astrologers, a dangerous alignment of the planets offers an obstacle to overcome - another opportunity for personal growth. Contrast this with a typical horoscope in the 1994 Kommersant newspaper:
Similarly, like the ancient Greeks Russian's literature is full of tragedy. Russian history shows that life has indeed been difficult for Russians. Weather, wars, violence, cataclysmic changes, and oppressive rule over centuries have made pessimists out of Russians. Richard Lourie explains that:
Fear is a major element of the Russian psyche, and will be encountered in many places in Russia, especially at the highest levels of government, where there is often fear of an outside enemy determined to destroy Russia. Americans should not be put off by this gloom and doom, nor should they attempt to make optimists of Russians. The best response is to express understanding and sympathy. Less in control of their lives than other Europeans and Americans, Russians feel caught up in the big sweeps of history where the individual is insignificant and does not count. Translators Richard Lourie and Aleksei Mikhalev explain:
Glasnost and perestroika were exciting for foreigners to observe from a distance, but to Russians they were yet another historical spasm with uncertainties about the future in which outsiders, this time America, betrayed many promises. The best and brightest Russians have traditionally been banished. In old Russia independent thinkers were exiled to Siberia. Hollywood was created by Jews escaping Russia. Following the Bolshevik Revolution, the cream of Russia’s elite was liquidated. Stalin’s purges of the 1930s further decimated the intelligentsia, and today many of Russia’s best and brightest have been lost through brain drain emigration. One of those who emigrated was Vladimir Voinovich, a human rights advocate who was forced to leave for the West in 1975 after the KGB threatened that his future in the Soviet Union would be “unbearable.” Voinovich wrote:
This gloomy and dark side of the Russian character explains the bittersweet humor that is native to Russia and the “good news, bad news” jokes. Russian pessimism can also be infectious, and Americans who have worked with them for many years are vulnerable to the virus. Llewellyn Thompson, twice American ambassador to Moscow, was asked on his retirement in 1968 to name his greatest accomplishment, “That I didn’t make things any worse.” [61] Despite their pessimism and complaining, there is an admirable durability about Russians, a hardy people who have more than proven their ability to endure severe deprivation and suffer lengthy hardships. Tibor Szamuely wrote of “the astonishing durability of certain key social and political institutions, traditions, habits, and attitudes, their staying power, their essential stability amidst the turbulent currents of violent change, chaotic upheaval, and sudden innovation.”[62] |
Русские врут
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Yes, the Russian is incapable of telling downright lies; but seems equally incapable of telling the truth. The intermediate phenomenon for which he feels the utmost love and tenderness resembles neither truth nor lozh [lie]. It is vranyo. Like our native aspen, it pops up uninvited everywhere, choking other varieties; like the aspen it is no use for firewood or carpentry; and, again like the aspen, it is sometimes beautiful.
[Russians] lie out of necessity. We lie when it’s convenient. And we lie just to keep in shape.
Russians lie, a national characteristic called "vranyo". Dictionaries translate vranyo as “lies, fibs, nonsense, idle talk,” but like many Russian terms, it is really untranslatable. Americans might call it “tall talk” or “white lies,” but “fib” perhaps comes closest because vranyo. To these words may be added the Irish "blarney", which comes nearer than any of the others, but still falls pretty wide of the mark. As Russian writer Leonid Andreyev noted, is somewhere between the truth and a lie. Vranyo is indeed an art form, beautiful perhaps to Russians but annoying to Westerners and others who value the unvarnished truth.[65] In its most common form today, vranyo is an inability to face the facts, particularly when the facts do not reflect favorably on Russia. Tourist guides are masters of vranyo, as are Russians who represent their country abroad. When ideology or politics dictate a particular position, they are likely to evade, twist, or misstate facts in order to put the best possible spin on a potentially embarrassing situation. As Boris Fedorov, the 1998 deputy prime minister of Russia explained, "There are several layers of truth in Russia. Nothing is black or white, fortunately or unfortunately."[66] Russians, however, do not consider vranyo to be dishonest, nor should foreign visitors. As the famous Fyodor Dostoyevsky explained:
When using vranyo, Russians know that they are fibbing and expect that their listeners will also know. But it is considered bad manners to directly challenge the fibber. As one Russian specialist suggest advises, the victim of vranyo should "convey subtly, almost telepathically, that he is aware of what is going on, that he appreciates the performance and does not despise his...host simply because the conditions of the latter’s office obliged him to put it on."[68][69] |
Проверка – Доверяй, но проверяй
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Trust, but verify. (Доверяй, но проверяй).
Can Russians be trusted to honor commitments? The prudent response to this question is “Yes, but. …” According to Zbigniew Brzezinski, US Former National Security Advisor, Anglo-Saxons and Russians have different concepts of trust:
Related to verification are accountability and reporting, particularly where the expenditure of funds is involved. Russians can be notoriously lax about accounting for expended funds and using them effectively, a problem recognized by Mikhail Gorbachev. A problem is accountability of funds. American donors to Russian philanthropic institutions have reported difficulties in obtaining prompt and detailed reporting on how their funds are being expended. Some new Russian foundations have scoffed at the standard regulatory and accounting procedures required by American donors. As one Russian foundation official put it, "We are all fine Christian men, and our [Russian] donors don’t question what we do with their money."[71] Such a response should not be seen as an intent to deceive but rather as an intercultural difference. Americans understand the need for accountability, annual financial reports, and audits by certified public accountants. But requesting such procedures from Russians may be seen as questioning their good faith and honesty. When encountering indignation over reporting requirements, Americans may wish to emulate Ronald Reagan by responding, “Trust, but verify.”
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Студенты Списывают в Российских ВУЗах
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“ Доносчику первый кнут.”
Any teacher who has taught in Moscow knows that if the teacher is giving an exam the teacher cannot walk out of the room for even one minute because all of the kids will cheat; whether they're elementary school students or university students. Tolerance of dishonesty is high in the University system. With few exceptions, Russian universities do not address the issues of academic cheating (plagiarism, falsification of term papers or even various forms of gratification in return for the good grade) at institutional level. As a result, cheating is blossoming both among students and faculty and reinforcing corruption practices outside academia.
1 in 25 students admits to having paid for someone else to write at least one mid-term or final-year paper. 50% of students in economics and management, state that cheaters should receive no more than a warning if caught. Possible explanations of cheating:
In the United States, in contrast to Russia, competition among students is seen as an important intrinsic value of the educational system, a value that affects interaction between students. Thus, cheating is condemned because it is considered an unfair instrument of competition. In Contrast in Russia, the attitude to the law and to officials differ between the two countries. In the former USSR, the judicial system served as an instrument of the party, and a common view was that officials are enemies. This attitude existed toward policemen, civil servants, train conductors, and also toward teachers, and may explain the strong negative attitude toward informers among Russian students. The larger the number of students in a collective that is cheating and tolerant toward cheating, the more often the students will cheat, the more tolerant they are, and the less costly it is for every student to cheat and to be tolerant toward cheating. This is the coordination effect: the more consistently a behavioral norm is observed by members of society, the greater the costs to an individual who don’t follow this behavior. Since cheating is widespread and group loyalty a deeply held value, informants and those seeking reform can be seen in a negative light. As an old Russian proverb goes, “First whip to the informer.” In addition, there remains a lot of social pressure to be a team player, even in a corrupt environment.
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Друзья – ключ от всех дверей в России
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Не имей сто рублей, а имей сто друзей.
The value of the Russian ruble may increase or decrease but not the value of Russian friends. Friends and familiar faces are the key to getting things done in Russia, and foreigners who cultivate close relationships will have a big advantage in doing business there. Sol Hurok, the legendary American impresario who pioneered North American tours by Soviet dance and music groups, would visit the Soviet Union periodically to audition performing artists and to select those he would sign for performances abroad. Traveling alone, Hurok would negotiate and sign contracts for extensive U.S. coast-to-coast tours by such large ensembles as the Bolshoi Ballet and the Moscow Philharmonic. In Moscow in 1969 author Yale Richmond asked Hurok how he could sign contracts for such large and costly undertakings without lawyers and others to advise him. “I have been coming here for many years and doing business with the Russians. I simply write out a contract by hand on a piece of paper, and we both sign it. They know and trust me.”[72] William McCulloch is an American whose business activities in Russia include housing construction and telecommunications. The key to doing business in Russia, says McCulloch, is finding the right partner—one with whom a basis of trust is established over time. “You cannot bring in an army of New York lawyers and have an ironclad deal. You have to have a clear understanding with the right partner about what you are doing.” Such an understanding, he adds, makes it possible to negotiate one’s way through the Russian political, economic, and banking systems.[73] Russians rely on a close network of family, friends, and coworkers as protection against the risks and unpredictability of daily life. In the village commune, Russians felt safe and secure in the company of family and neighbors. Today, in the city, they continue to value familiar faces and mistrust those they do not know. Visitors who know a Russian from a previous encounter will have a big advantage. First-time travelers to Russia are advised to ask friends who already know the people they will be meeting to put in a good word for them in advance of their visits. And ideally the same traveler should return for subsequent visits and not be replaced by someone else from the firm or organization whose turn has come for a trip to Russia. Despite its vast size, or perhaps because of it, Russia is run on the basis of personal connections. In both the workplace and in private life, Russians depend on those they know—friends who owe them favors, former classmates, fellow military veterans, and others whom they trust. The bureaucracy is not expected to respond equitably to a citizen’s request. Instead, Russians will call friends and ask for their help. The friendship network also extends to the business world. Business managers, short of essential parts or materials, will use their personal contacts to obtain the necessary items. Provide a spare part or commodity for someone, and receive something in return. Without such contacts, production would grind to a halt. Westerners who want something from their government will approach the responsible official, state their case, and assume that law and logic will prevail. Russians in the same situation, mistrustful of the state and its laws, will approach friends and acquaintances and ask them to put in a good word with the official who will decide. The process is reciprocal: those who do favors for Russians can expect favors in return.
The word friend, however, must be used carefully in Russia. An American can become acquainted with a complete stranger and in the next breath will describe that person as a friend. American friendships, however, are compartmentalized, often centering around colleagues in an office, neighbors in a residential community, or participants in recreational activities. This reflects the American reluctance to get too deeply involved with the personal problems of others. An American is more likely to refer a needy friend to a professional for help rather than become involved in the friend’s personal troubles. Not so with Russians, for whom friendship is all encompassing and connotes a special relationship. Dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov, when asked about the difference between Russian and American friendships, replied:
The Russian language has different words for friend (drug, pronounced “droog”) and acquaintance (znakomy), and these words should not be misused. A drug is more like a “bosom buddy,” someone to trust, confide in, and treat like a member of the family. Such friendships are not made easily or quickly. They take time to develop, but when they are made and nurtured, a Russian friendship will embrace the entire person. Russians will ask friends for time and favors that most Americans would regard as impositions. Friendship with a Russian is not to be treated lightly. One American describes it as smothering, and some will find that it is more than they can handle. As one Russian explained, “Between Russian friends, what’s theirs is yours and what’s yours is theirs, especially if it’s in the refrigerator.” Americans tend to be informal in their speech—candid, direct, and without the rituals, polite forms, and indirect language common to many other cultures. Russians welcome and appreciate such informal talk, but usually only after a certain stage in the relationship has been reached. The preferred form of address among Russians and the one most likely to be used in the initial stage of a relationship, is the first name and patronymic (father’s name plus an affix). For example:
With the friendship stage comes the use of the first name by itself, or a nickname. But first-name usage with a foreigner does not necessarily indicate that the friendship stage has been reached, as it would with another Russian. It does signify, however, the next stage in a developing relationship. Like most European languages, Russian has two forms of you. The more formal vi is used between strangers, acquaintances, and in addressing people of higher position. The informal ti, akin to the old English thou and the French tu or German du, is reserved for friends, family members, and children; it is also used in talking down to someone and addressing animals. Readers will surely appreciate the need for care in using the familiar form.[75]
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Почему Равенство Важно
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The interests of distribution and egalitarianism always predominated over those of production and creativity in the minds and emotions of the Russian intelligentsia.
Americans are raised on the success ethic: work hard, get ahead, be successful in whatever you do. The success ethic, however, is alien to many Russians, who believe that it may be morally wrong to get ahead, particularly at the expense of others. Russians will not mind if their American acquaintances are successful, but they are likely to resent fellow Russians who “succeed.” Belief in communism has eroded, but the egalitarian ethic still survives. Nina Khrushcheva wrote: "In Russia equality of outcomes,” a belief that material conditions in society should not vary too greatly among individual and classes, wins out over Western "equality of opportunities," which tends to tolerate and even encourage the open flourishing of class distinctions. Therefore, working for money, for example, a virtue so respected in the West, was not a “good way” in Russia. Russians can be great workers, as long as labor is done not for profit but for some spiritual or personal reason or is done as a heroic deed, performing wonders, knowing no limits.[76] Equality is a social philosophy that advocates the removal of inequities among persons and a more equal distribution of benefits. In its Russian form egalitarianism is not an invention of communists but has its roots in the culture of the mir which, as we have seen, represented village democracy, Russian-style. The mir’s governing body was an assembly composed of heads of households, including widowed women, and presided over by a starosta (elder). Before the introduction of currency, mir members were economically equal, and equality for members was considered more important than personal freedom. Those agricultural communes, with their egalitarian lifestyle and distribution of material benefits, were seen by Russian intellectuals as necessary to protect the peasants from the harsh competition of Western individualism. Individual rights, it was feared, would enable the strong to prosper but cause the weak to suffer. Others saw the mir as a form of agrarian socialism, the answer to Russia’s striving for egalitarianism. For much of Russian history, peasants numbered close to 90 percent of the population. By 1990, however, due to industrialization, the figure had dropped to about 30 percent. But while the other 70 percent of the population live in urban areas, most of today’s city dwellers are only one, two, or three generations removed from their ancestral villages. Despite their urbanization and education, the peasant past is still very much with them, and many of them still think in the egalitarian terms of the mir. The Soviet Union also thought in egalitarian terms. Communism aimed to make a complete break with the past and create a new society, but its leaders could not escape the heritage of the past, and their leveling of society revived the communal ethic of the mir on a national scale. As British scholar Geoffrey Hosking observed:
Many aspects of Russian communism may indeed be traced to the mir. The meetings of the village assembly were lively, but decisions were usually unanimous and binding on all members. This provided a precedent for the communism’s “democratic centralism,” under which issues were debated, decisions were made that all Party members were obliged to support, and opposition was prohibited. Peasants could not leave the mir without an internal passport issued only with permission of their household head. This requirement was a precursor not only of Soviet (and tsarist) regulations denying citizens freedom of movement and resettlement within the country, but also of the practice of denying emigration to those who did not have parental permission. Under communism, the tapping of telephones and the perusal of private mail by the KGB must have seemed natural to leaders whose ancestors lived in a mir where the community was privy to the personal affairs of its members. And in a society where the bulk of the population was tied to the land and restricted in movement, defections by Soviet citizens abroad were seen as treasonous. Despite its egalitarian ethic, old Russia also had an entrepreneurial tradition based in a small merchant class called kupyechestvo. Russian merchants established medieval trading centers, such as the city-state of Novgorod, which were independent and self-governing until absorbed by Muscovy in the late fifteenth century. Merchants explored and developed Siberia and played a key role in Russia’s industrialization of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Merchants were also Westernizers in the years between the revolutions of 1905 and 1917, endorsing social and legal reform, the rule of law, civil liberties, and broader educational opportunities. However, they rejected economic liberalism, with its emphasis on free trade in international exchange and free competition in the domestic economy, and advocated instead state planning. And as an additional link in the chain of continuity between the old and new Russia, as Ruth Roosa has pointed out, merchants in the years prior to 1917 called for state plans of 5, 10, and even 15 years’ duration that would embrace all aspects of economic life.[78] Agriculture in old Russia also had its entrepreneurs. Most of the land was held in large estates by the crown, aristocracy, and landed gentry, but after the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, a small class of independent farmers emerged. By 1917, on the eve of the Revolution, some 10 percent of the peasants were independent farmers. The more enterprising and prosperous among them were called kulaks (fists) by their less successful and envious brethren who had remained in the mir. But the kulaks were ruthlessly exterminated and their land forcibly collectivized by the communists in the early 1930s. Millions of peasants left the land they had farmed, production was disrupted, and more than five million died in the resulting famine. The forced collectivization contributed to the eventual failure of Soviet agriculture. Private farming returned to Russia in the late 1980s and grew steadily over the following years, encouraged by Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika, legislation passed by the Russian parliament, and decrees issued by Boris Yeltsin. The legal underpinning for agricultural reform was provided by Article 36 of the new Russian constitution, approved by the electorate in December 1993, which affirmed that “Citizens and their associations shall be entitled to have land in private ownership.” Parliament, however, reflecting historic attitudes on communal ownership of land, balked at passing legislation that would have put that article into effect. The opposition in parliament was led by the Communist and Agrarian Parties, and most land remained government property, as it was during Soviet times when Communist ideology required that the state own the means of production.[79] That changed on October 26, 2001, when Vladimir Putin, drawing to close a decade of efforts by Russia’s leadership to ease Soviet-era land sale restrictions, put his pen to legislation giving Russians the right to purchase land. However, the new land code affected only some 2 percent of Russian land, and it covered purchases only for industrial, urban housing, and recreational purposes, but not for farmland. Another law, passed in 2003, finally granted rights to private ownership of land and the possibility for sale and purchase of agricultural land. However, opposition to private land ownership is still strong. Opponents of farmland sales, in addition to their ideological misgivings, believe that such sales will open the way for wealthy Russians and foreign investors to buy up large tracts of land. Foreigners have the right to buy commercial and residential land but not farmland, although long-term leases by foreigners are permitted. Supporters of farmland sales believe this will further Russia’s transition to a market economy, encourage foreign investment, improve agricultural productivity, promote growth of a property-owning class, provide revenue by taxing privately owned land, and curb the corruption that has facilitated illegal land transactions. Despite all the supportive legislation and decrees, private agriculture is still not widely accepted by Russian peasants, most of whom oppose reform and are reluctant to leave the security of the former collective and state farms for the risks of the free market. Impediments to private farming include difficulties in acquiring enough land and equipment to start a farm, a general lack of credit, the reluctance of peasants to give up the broad range of social services provided by the collective and state farms, and a fear that if land reform is reversed they will once more be branded as kulaks and will lose their land.[80] Despite its large size, Russia has relatively little area suited for agriculture because of its arid climate and inconsistent rainfall. Northern areas concentrate mainly on livestock, and southern parts and western Siberia produce grain. Restructuring of former state farms has been a slow process. Nevertheless, private farms and individual garden plots account for over one-half of all agricultural production.[81] Economic reforms have also been slow to gain support among the general public, particularly with the older generation. While there is a streak of individualism in many Russians, the entrepreneurial spirit of the businessperson and independent farmer runs counter to Russian egalitarianism. For many Russians, selling goods for profit is regarded as dishonest and is called spekulatsiya (speculation). Russians, it has been said, would rather bring other people down to their level than try to rise higher, a mentality known as uravnilovka (leveling). As Vladimir Shlapentokh, a professor at Michigan State University, points out:
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Русская «американская мечта»
Template:2 Russia’s “American Dream”
Русские осторожны и предельно осмотрительны
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The slower you go, the further you’ll get.
Caution and conservatism are also legacies of the peasant past. Barely eking out a living in small isolated villages, peasants had to contend not only with the vagaries of nature but also with the strictures of communal life, authoritarian fathers, all-powerful officials, and reproachful religious leaders. In a traditional agricultural society, stability was valued and change came slowly. As Marshall Shulman of Columbia University once put it, "Russians feel obliged to defend their traditional values against the onslaught of the modern world."[84] The experience of the twentieth century has given Russians no cause to discard their caution: The entire Soviet historical experience with its particular combination of majestic achievements and mountainous misfortunes. Man-made catastrophes have repeatedly victimized millions of ordinary citizens and officials alike—the first European war, revolution, civil war, two great famines, forcible collectivization, Stalin's terror, World War II, [Gorbachev failed market reforms and Yeltsin’s chaos in the 1990s]. Out of that experience, which for many people is still...deeply felt, have come the joint pillars of today's Soviet conservatism: a towering pride in the nation's modernizing, war-time, and great-power achievements, together with an abiding anxiety that another disaster forever looms and that any significant change is therefore "some sinister Beethoven knock of fate at the door."' Such a conservatism is at once prideful and fearful and thus doubly powerful. It influences most segments of the Soviet populace, even many dissidents. It is a real bond between state and society—and thus the main obstacle to change. Caution and conservatism can also be seen at the highest levels of government, where most of the leadership has been of peasant origin. Reflecting their peasant past, Russia’s leaders will take advantage of every opportunity to advance their cause but will be careful to avoid undue risk. The cautious approach was recommended by Mikhail Gorbachev in a talk in Washington during his June 1990 summit meeting with President George H.W. Bush. Noting that he preferred not to act precipitously in resolving international differences, Gorbachev advocated an approach that "is more humane. That is, to be very cautious, to consider a matter seven times, or even 100 times before one makes a decision."[85] Boris Yeltsin was also overly cautious when it was in his interest and Russia’s to be bold and daring. In June 1991, when he enjoyed high prestige and popularity after his election as president, and in August of that year after he foiled an attempted coup, Yeltsin’s caution prevented him from instituting the broad reforms that Russia required. As for Putin, if there is one word to describe him it is cautious. Andrew Jack, former Moscow bureau chief of London’s Financial Times, describes Putin as a cautious president who is very hard to categorize:
Some speak of a hereditary Russian inertia. As an old Russian proverb puts it, “The Russian won’t budge until the roasted rooster pecks him in the rear.” Americans will have their patience tested by Russian caution. A nation of risk takers, most Americans are descendants of immigrants who dared to leave the known of the Old World for the unknown of the New. In the United States, risk takers have had the opportunity to succeed or to fail in the attempt. Indeed, risk is the quintessence of a market economy. The opportunities of the New World, with its social mobility and stability, have helped Americans to accentuate the positive. For Russians, geography and history have caused them to anticipate the negative.[87] |
Крайности и Противоречия Русских
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The American mind will not apprehend Russia until it is prepared philosophically to accept the validity of contradiction. Soberly viewed, there is little possibility that enough Americans will ever accomplish...philosophical evolutions to permit...any general understanding of Russia on the part of our Government or our people. It would imply a measure of intellectual humility and a readiness to reserve judgment about ourselves and our institutions, of which few of us would be capable. For the foreseeable future the American, individually and collectively, will continue to wander about in the maze of contradiction and the confusion which is Russia, with feelings not dissimilar to those of Alice in Wonderland, and with scarcely greater effectiveness. He will be alternately repelled or attracted by one astonishing phenomenon after another, until he finally succumbs to one or the other of the forces involved or until, dimly apprehending the depth of his confusion, he flees the field in horror. Distance, necessity, self-interest, and common-sense may enable us, thank God, to continue that precarious and troubled but peaceful co-existence which we have managed to lead with the Russians up to this time. But if so, it will not be due to any understanding on our part.
President Harry Truman once quipped that he was looking for a one-armed economist because all his economic advisers concluded their advice by saying, “But, on the other hand...” Americans, with their proclivity for rational consistency seek clear and precise responses, but they usually end up by falling back to a middle position that avoids contradictions and extremes. Russians, by contrast, have a well-deserved reputation for extremes. When emotions are displayed, they are spontaneous and strong. Russian hospitality can be overwhelming, friendship all encompassing, compassion deep, loyalty long lasting, drinking heavy, celebrations boisterous, obsession with security paranoid, and violence vicious. With Russians, it is often all or nothing. Halfway measures simply do not suffice. George F. Kennan, the U.S. diplomat and the "Father of Russian Containment" wrote:
1. west and east, 2. Pacific and Atlantic, 3. arctic and tropics, 4. extreme cold and extreme heat, 5. pro-longed sloth and sudden feats of energy, 6. exaggerated cruelty and exaggerated kindness, 7. ostentatious wealth and dismal squalor, 8. violent xenophobia and uncontrollable yearning for contact with the foreign world, 9. vast power and the most abject slavery, 10: simultaneous love and hate for the same objects: ...these are only some of the contradictions which dominate the life of the Russian people. The Russian does not reject these contradictions. He has learned to live with them, and in them. To him, they are the spice of life. He likes to dangle them before him, to play with them philosophically...for the moment, he is content to move in them with that same sense of adventure and experience which supports a young person in the first contradictions of love. The American mind will not apprehend Russia until it is prepared philosophically to accept the validity of contradiction. It must accept the possibility that just because a proposition is true, the opposite of that proposition is not false....It must learn to understand that Russian life at any given moment is not the common expression of harmonious, integrated elements, but a, precarious and ever shifting equilibrium between numbers of conflicting forces. Russian extremes and contradictions have also been described by poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko:
Human feelings count for much in Russia, and those who do not share the depth of those feelings will be considered cold and distant. When Russians open their souls to someone, it is a sign of acceptance and sharing. Westerners will have to learn to drop their stiff upper lips and also open their souls.[89] |
13 Часовых Поясов – Самая большая страна в мире
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In its grandiose schemes, which were always on a worldwide scale, communism makes use of the Russian disposition for making plans and castle-building, which had hitherto no scope for practical application.
"Sire, everything is done on a large scale in this country—every thing is colossal."[90] Said the Marquis de Custine, addressing Tsar Nicholas in St. Petersburg in 1839 at the start of his travels through Russia. The French aristocrat was moved by the grand scale of “this colossal empire,” as he described it in his four-volume Russia in 1839.
Soviet leaders continued that “colossalism.” When they industrialized, centralizing production to achieve economies of scale, they built gigantic industrial complexes employing up to 100,000 workers. Gigantomania is the term used by Western economists to describe that phenomenon. The Palace of Soviets, a Stalin project of the 1930s, was to have been the tallest building in the world, dwarfing the Empire State Building and the Eiffel Tower, and be topped by a 230-foot statue of Lenin. The Kremlin’s Palace of Congresses, the huge hall known to Western TV viewers as the site of mass meetings, seats 6,000 and is one of the world’s largest conference halls. Its snack bar can feed 3,000 people in 10 minutes. In Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad), the site of a decisive battle with Germany in World War II, a victorious Mother Russia, the largest full-figure statue in the world, towers 282 feet over the battlefield. And Russia’s victory monument to World War II, completed in 1995, is 465 feet high and topped by a 27-ton Nike, the goddess of victory. Aeroflot was by far the world’s largest airlines, flying abroad as well as to the far corners of the Soviet Union. Its supersonic transport (SST), the world’s first, was considerably larger than the Anglo-French Concorde. Russians are impressed with size and numbers, and much that they do is on a grandiose scale. That is not unusual for a vast country. Russians think and act big, and they do not do things in a half-hearted way. Nor are these traits uniquely Russian. Americans, accustomed to wide open spaces and with an expansive outlook on life, also are known to think big. Big also describes the Russian military. Even after large reductions, the Russian military in 2008 had more than one million personnel under arms. It also had the biggest missiles, submarines, and aircraft. Russia’s grandiose plans have at times been realized but at other times not. The Tsar Bell was too heavy and was neither hung nor rung. The Tsar Cannon was too big to fire. The Palace of Soviets was abandoned after the foundation proved incapable of supporting the huge structure, and the site was used for an outdoor swimming pool—one of the largest in Europe, of course. The Soviet SST had major design problems and was shelved after several crashes, including one at the prestigious Paris Air Show. Aeroflot’s extensive domestic network was broken up into nearly 400 separate companies, with a drastic decline in safety standards. Russia’s huge industrial plants have proven to be highly inefficient and noncompetitive, and the large state subsidies they require to avoid bankruptcy are an obstacle to their privatization. The Russian army’s combat capabilities, as confirmed in the Chechnya war, have dramatically declined. And the Kursk, pride of the Russian navy and one of the largest submarines ever built, suffered an unexplained explosion in August 2000, and sank to the bottom of the Barents Sea with the loss of its entire crew of 118. Russians still have grand designs. In April 2007, Russia announced the revival of an old plan from its tsarist years to build a tunnel under the Bering Sea that would link Siberia with Alaska. And what should be said of Moscow’s current politics, the most recent of many attempts to reform Russia? The objective this time is to modernize Russia, to make it more competitive with the West, and to regain its superpower status. Will the sweeping reforms succeed or are they merely the latest example of Russians thinking too big? History tells us to believe the latter. As Anton Chekhov put it 100 years ago, “A Russian is particularly given to exalted ideas, but why is it he always falls so short in life? Why?”[91] |
Комплекс собственного превосходства у русских (мессианизм)
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All Russians have a superiority complex, that we're still equal to the United States.
The [Westerners] disappear, everything collapses….the papacy of Rome and all the kingdoms of the West, Catholicism and Protestantism, faith long lost and reason reduced to absurdity. Order becomes henceforth impossible, freedom becomes henceforth impossible, and [Westernern] civilization commits suicide on top of all the ruins accumulated by it. … And when we see rise above this immense wreck this even more immense Eastern Empire like the Ark of the Covenant, who could doubt its mission...
Fyodor Tyutchev, a Russian diplomat and poet, wrote those words in 1848 in response to the liberal revolutions sweeping Western Europe in that year. He saw Western civilization as disintegrating while Russian civilization, morally and spiritually superior, was rising. Russian Orthodox Christianity with its mystical and otherworldly perspective is believed to have imparted on Russian politics a grand image of Russia's spiritual destiny to guide mankind.[93] Messianism is still alive in Russia today particularly among intellectuals on the left as well as the right, who share a belief and pride in Russia as a great power with a special mission in the world. Economist Mikhail F. Antonov, for example, in an interview with The New York Times Magazine, stated:
Russian thinkers past and present seek to excuse Russia's material backwardness by acclaiming her correctness of cause, spiritual superiority, and messianic mission. Serge Schmemann of The New York Times writes:
A similar view was espoused by a contemporary Russian philosopher when author Yale Richardson asked him about Russia’s role in the world. “Russia is European on the surface, but deep inside it is Asian, and our link between Europe and Asia is the Russian soul. Russia’s mission is to unite Europe and Asia.”[96] Such messianic missions are common throughout the history of America, who have always believed that they have something special to bring to the less fortunate — Christianity to heathens, democracy to dictatorships, and the free market to state-run economies. Americans who believe in their own mission should be sensitive to Russian messianism and fears for the future. Without great-power status, Russians fear that other countries will no longer give them the respect they are due and Russia will lose its influence in the world. Along with messianism, there is also a Russian tendency to blame others for their misfortunes, which has a certain logic. If Russians are indeed the chosen people and have a monopoly on truth, then others must be the cause of their misfortunes. Freemasons and Jews, among others, have often been blamed in the past for Russia’s troubles.
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Бунтарская натура русских
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Не приведи Бог видеть русский бунт, бессмысленный и беспощадный!
The Russians’ patience sometimes wears thin and they rebel. History is replete with rebellions of serfs against masters, peasants against gentry, Cossacks against lords, nobles against princes, and communists against commissars — usually with mindless destruction and wanton cruelty. There is also a record of revolt from within — palace revolutions — in the time of general secretaries and presidents as well as tsars, as Mikhail Gorbachev learned in August 1991 when a junta attempted to seize power in Moscow, and as Boris Yeltsin learned in 1993 when a similar attempt was made by hard-liners in the Russian parliament. Conspiracies, coups, insurrections, ethnic warfare, and national independence movements all reflect the instabilities and inequities of Russian society and its resistance to change. When peaceful evolution is not viable, revolution becomes inevitable. Russians have long been seen as submissive to authority, politically passive, and unswerving in policy. But when the breaking point is reached, the submissive citizen spurns authority, the docile worker strikes, the passive person becomes politically active, and rigid policies are reversed almost overnight. Such a point was reached in the late 1980s when the Soviet Union experienced food shortages, crippling strikes, a deteriorating economy, nationality unrest, ethnic warfare, movements for sovereignty or independence by the republics, inept government responses to the Chernobyl nuclear disaster and Armenian earthquake, and revelations of widespread environmental devastation. In reaction to these events, voters of the Russian Federation rebelled in June 1991. Given a choice, they rejected the candidates of communism and chose as their president Boris Yeltsin and his program of decentralization, democracy, and economic reform. Yeltsin thus became the first freely elected leader in Russian history. In August 1991, Russians rebelled again, taking to the streets of Moscow in a massive protest that helped bring down the old guard junta that had attempted to seize power. And in December 1995, disillusioned with reform, corruption, and a deep decline in their standard of living, Russians repudiated the Yeltsin administration by electing a parliament that was deeply divided between opponents and supporters of democratic and economic reforms, and between Westernizers and Slavophiles (Russians determined to protect and preserve Russia’s unique cultural values and traditions).[97]
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Алкоголизм – Бич России
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В стакане тонет больше людей, чем в море.
To all the other “-isms” that help one to understand Russians, alcoholism must unfortunately be added. For Karl Marx, religion was the opiate of the people. For Russians, the opiate has been alcohol. The Russian affinity for alcohol was described by the French aristocrat Marquis de Custine in 1839:
In 1965, the distinguished Russian novelist Andrei Sinyavsky has described drunkenness as:
Per capita consumption of alcohol in Russia and the United States is not very different. Americans, however, drink more wine and beer, Russians more hard liquor, mainly vodka. And like their North European neighbors from Ireland to Finland, Russians drink their distilled spirits “neat,” without a mixer, and in one gulp. Vodka is described by Hedrick Smith as "one of the indispensable lubricants and escape mechanisms of Russian life. … Russians drink to blot out the tedium of life, to warm themselves from the chilling winters, and they eagerly embrace the escapism it offers."[100] To take the measure of a man, Russians will want to drink with him, and the drinking will be serious. Americans should not attempt to match their hosts in drinking. This is one competition Russians should be allowed to win, as they surely will. Vodka is also a prelude to business transactions. As one Western financier explains:
Vodka is drunk straight, ice-cold in small glasses in one “bottoms-up” gulp. What should a visitor do when confronted with vodka and the obligatory toasts at a dinner where the visitor is guest of honor? If the guest knows when to stop, then by all means drink and enjoy it. Guests who fear they will not know their limit can abstain, pleading doctor’s orders or religious reasons. Or they can down their first drink and slowly nurse subsequent rounds through the evening. Russians prefer to drink while seated, and the stand-up cocktail party, a Western innovation, is consequently alien. Anyone invited to a Russian home should expect to be seated, fed a substantial repast, and drink during the meal. When invited to an American home, Russians will expect more than chips or cheese and crackers. A night on the town usually consists of an evening with friends at a restaurant—eating, drinking, and dancing for several hours to very loud music. The eating will also be serious. Older Russians recall the difficult days when food was scarce, and they relish a good meal with many courses that can last several hours. Toward the end of the evening there may be a bloody brawl among the more serious drinkers, which ends only when the police arrives. “Demon vodka,” as the Russians call it, is the national vice. Excessive vodka consumption is a major cause of absenteeism, low productivity, industrial accidents, wife beating, divorce and other family problems, birth defects, and a declining longevity. Tens of thousands of Russians die each year of alcohol poisoning from bootleg alcohol or alcohol-based substitutes. Alcohol also plays a major role in road accidents, homicides, suicides, and violent crime. It is also a contributing factor to Russia’s very high rate of deaths from fires — more than 17,000 deaths in 2006, more than 10 times rates typical of Western Europe and the United States — because intoxicated people inadvertently set or are unable to escape fires.[102] With the economic, social, and physical ills that alcohol causes, it was not surprising that the first published decree after Gorbachev took office in 1985 signaled a state campaign against it. The intent was to limit consumption, but the immediate result was a sugar shortage because Russians purchased more sugar to increase their production of samogon (home brew). Consumption of products with alcoholic content also increased—industrial alcohol, jet fuel, insecticide, perfume, shoe polish, and toothpaste—thus creating additional shortages. Gorbachev’s anti-alcohol campaign also resulted in a 10 to 20 percent reduction in tax revenues.[103] A complete failure, the program was scrapped after three years. The anti-alcohol campaign, however, did have one virtue. At the peak of the campaign, violent crime dropped and life expectancy for men immediately increased, but these trends reversed when the campaign ended. Alcohol continues to take its toll, contributing heavily to the mortality rate for Russian males who imbibe toxic samogon and other alcohol-based substances, although the number of such deaths has been declining due to the imposition of taxes on industrial alcohols. Particularly alarming has been the spread of alcoholism among teenagers and children, which often leads to suicide.[104] [105] Of the alcohol consumed in Russia, one bottle in every three is believed to be made clandestinely.[106] Vodka is a basic ingredient of Russian life and will not be easily eliminated. During the height of the anti-alcohol campaign, author Yale Richmond attended several official lunches in Moscow where wine was the strongest drink served. But as a reminder of our own Prohibition days, bottles of vodka were passed under the table. Vodka does have one virtue. While it can produce a hangover when drunk to excess, it seldom causes a headache or nausea. And with zakuski, in moderation, it is the ideal drink.[107]
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Русские Не Доверяют Своему Правительству
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Who serves the Tsar cannot serve the people.
Russians have a deep and abiding suspicion of government. Public opinion polls show that the vast majority of Russians are convinced that most of their leaders hold public office only for personal gain and do not care about the concerns of the common person. This government mistrust is very high and is based, in part, on past experience. In the past, Russian governments have served rulers rather than the ruled, so why should the populace believe things will be different now? Until Russia’s free elections of 1991, democratic governance was experienced only once, in 1917, during the brief period between the democratic February revolution and the Bolshevik October Revolution. With those exceptions, authoritarianism has been the rule in Russian governance. American journalist Robert G. Kaiser explains, “There is little in the country’s past that has prepared it to become a modern, tolerant, and efficient democracy. Russians have no real experience with independent civic institutions, checks and balances, or even the restrained use of power. Russian citizens have been estranged from the state for many centuries....”[108] For centuries, Russia was an absolute monarchy, ruled as a paramilitary garrison state to guard against threats both internal and external. George Vernadsky, Yale University professor of Russian history explained:
That state was ruled by hereditary tsars who held absolute power, issuing decrees that had the force of law. The Russian ukaz (decree) has come into English as ukase, a decree having force of law. In the 1990s, Boris Yeltsin also ruled by decree, as tsars and commissars had done before him; Vladimir Putin, Yeltsin’s successor, also had extraordinary powers, even under the Constitution of 1993. As Yuri Afanasyev, a leading reformer in the 1980s, explained: It was characteristic of Russia to have the people at the “bottom” harshly subordinated to the people at the “top,” and for people generally to be subordinated to the state; such relations were formed back in the twelfth century. The eternal oppression in Russia created a reaction against it of intolerance, aggression, and hostility; and it is this oppression and the reaction to it that create cruelty and mass violence.[110] Russia’s rulers, perceiving domestic unrest and political dissent as threats to their ability to govern a vast empire, have not hesitated to use force to maintain their authority. They saw Russia surrounded by hostile or unstable powers, and they took advantage of any weakness or instability along their state’s periphery to secure its borders and extend its territorial reach. With power concentrated at the center, the influence of the state on Russian society has been pervasive. In old Russia, the largest landholders were the crown, the church, and the aristocracy. Many sectors of the economy were controlled or subsidized by the state. For both rulers and the ruled, service to the state was the primary duty. In the Soviet era, the state played an even larger role. Moscow’s heavy hand was found in the economy, culture, education, the media, religion, and citizens’ private lives—planning, directing, instructing, and stifling initiative in the process. Big Brother—or rather Big Daddy, in a paternalistic society—was everywhere. Paradoxically, Russians have often idolized their leaders. The tsar was seen as the tsar-batyushka (tsar-father). Stalin was similarly adored as a father figure. And Putin, unknown prior to being named by Yeltsin as his successor, has regularly received approval ratings of more than 70 percent. Many Americans wonder if these approval ratings are real and not fudged. These opinion polls are often conducted by legitimate Western organizations and are legitimate. Commenting on Russian governance, American diplomat George F. Kennan wrote:
The result has been a submissive citizenry, accustomed to—indeed expecting— direction from above, being told what to do and what to think. As an example of this passivity, in 2000 a fire broke out in the iconic landmark Ostankino television and radio tower in Moscow. The fire trucks arrived at the scene and waited for hours at the base for directions from the newly installed President Putin on what to do next, causing untold damage and potentially more loss of life. A Russian psychologist explained to the author Yale Richmond: "It is difficult for us to make decisions. We are so used to being told what to do that we cannot take the initiative and decide for ourselves." Such an attitude helps to explain the reluctance of individual Russians to become involved in issues that they believe are the responsibility of government and where the role of the individual citizen seems insignificant. Another centuries-old tradition is a state-sanctioned ideology that serves as a moral guide, determining what is right and wrong. In the tsarist era, the ideology was Russian Orthodoxy, the state religion. In the Soviet period, the Communist Party imposed its own standards of cultural, moral, and political behavior. Today, Russia is searching for a new ideology—a “Russian idea” to serve as a moral guide. The contrasts between Russia and the United States are again apparent. In the United States, state power has been limited and diffused, both within the federal government and between federal and state authorities. Free elections and a multiparty system have ensured representation of the popular will. A government role in culture and the media has been avoided. Church and state have been separate and the rights of religious minorities protected. The development of moral and cultural values has been left to private institutions independent of government—the churches, the media, universities, and that typically American institution, the private voluntary organization. An economy based on private property and the free market, although at times assisted and regulated by the government, has remained free from state control.[112] |
Время и Терпение
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Punctuality has been exceedingly difficult to instill into a population unused to regular hours.
Time is money to Americans, and punctuality is a virtue. Meetings are expected to start on time, and work under pressure of the clock is a challenge routinely accepted. To Russians, however, with their agricultural heritage, time is like the seasons—a time to reap and a time to sow, and a time for doing little in between. Seychas budyit (it will be done right away) is an expression heard often in Russia, from waiters in restaurants, clerks in stores, and officials in offices. Be assured, however, that whatever has been promised will not be done right away but will more likely take some time. Being late seems to be part of the Russian makeup. The anthropologist Edward Hall has described two types of time, monochronous and polychronous, each true for one culture but not for another. The United States goes by monochronous time, meaning that an American gives his undivided attention to one event before proceeding to the next. He takes deadlines seriously, values promptness, and attaches importance to short-term relationships. Russians basically live in polychronous time, in which a person deals simultaneously with multiple events and is very flexible about appointments. He is always ready to change his schedule at a moment's notice to accommodate a friend or relative, since he attaches more importance to long-term relationships than to short-term ones. Muriel would make lunch appointments with magazine editors three weeks ahead. Sergei would call up a busy executive in the morning hoping to see him that afternoon. Who knew what might happen three weeks hence? Fyodor thought it was ridiculous for Carol to invite guests to dinner two weeks in advance; Carol found it odd when his Russian friends called up late Friday night to invite them to dinner the next evening. As Ronald Hingley observed, "To the excessively time-geared Westerner, Russia still seems to operate in an atmosphere relatively emancipated from the clock."' Fyodor hardly ever wore a watch unless Carol reminded him that he had a very important appointment. He canceled a promising job interview because his best friend from Russia, whom he had been seeing almost every day during the man's month-long visit to America, called up that morning and said he needed to talk. If a friend or family member needs something, appointments and business commitments go by the board. Such an attitude does not go over well in American offices. Fyodor's boss threatened to fire him because of his chronic tardiness, and only an alarm clock set forty-five minutes ahead forced him to change his behavior. Americans naturally quantify time. They will meet a friend in ten minutes, finish a project in five months, and apologize if they are more than five minutes late." The Russian concept of time is porous. Joyce finally figured out that when Pyotr said "I'll be ready in an hour" he meant two hours; "in twenty minutes" translated into forty-five; "right away" or "immediately" meant in fifteen minutes. The vagueness of Russian time expressions can drive American spouses crazy. "He'll come during the second half of the day" means anytime between 1 P.M. and 6 P.M., while "around seven o'clock" covers the period from 6:10 to 7:50.[113] Communism reinforced the native Russian disrespect for time, since workers could not be fired and there was no incentive to do things on time. Moreover, in a country where time is not a vital commodity, people become more sanguine about accepting delays. When something very important must be done, it will be done, and time and cost will not be obstacles. But time for Russians is not yet an economic commodity to be measured in rubles or dollars. Being on time is consequently alien. Russians are notoriously late, and they think nothing of arriving long after the appointed hour, which is not considered as being late. (Concerts and theater performances, however, do start on time, and latecomers will not be seated until the first intermission.) When Russians do arrive, there are a number of rituals that must be played out before the business part of a meeting can start. First, the small talk, a necessary part of all personal encounters; then, the customary tea or other drink, followed perhaps by talk about family and personal problems; and finally, the business of the day. All this takes time and usually does not start before ten o’clock in the morning. The business part of the talk will also be lengthy, because important issues are approached in a roundabout rather than in a direct manner. Impatient foreign business people will wonder when the key issues of the meeting will be discussed. And after the meeting has concluded and the visitor believes he has agreement to proceed, nothing may happen for weeks, or months, or ever. For Russians, time is not measured in minutes or hours but more likely in days, weeks, and months. The venerated virtue is not punctuality but patience. As a student from India who had spent four years in Moscow advised me, “Be patient, hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. Everything here takes time, and sometimes never gets done.” Americans and many other nationalities are oriented toward doing; Russians, toward contemplating. As a Russian psychiatrist explained to Yale Richmond, "Russians can look at an object all day and reflect on it but take no action." When faced with an issue to be resolved, they will first think through the historical, philosophical, and ideological considerations as well as the consequences of whatever is to be decided. In contrast, Americans and other “doers” will first consider the practical points, the obstacles to be overcome, the details, and how to get from here to there. A Russian conference interpreter, recalling her experience with Russians and Americans in the evenings after their formal meetings had adjourned, told Yale Richmond, “The Russians would sit all night drinking tea, discussing and reflecting, while the Americans would be thinking about what they had to do the next day and preparing to do it.” Such divergent views of time can create difficulties in cooperative efforts and joint ventures. Americans will want to negotiate an agreement expeditiously, schedule an early start on the venture, begin on time, meet production deadlines, complete the work as promptly as possible, and show early results or profit. Russians will need more time to get organized, and there will be frequent delays and postponements. They will be less concerned with immediate results, and profit is a concept that they are just now beginning to understand. The job may be completed, but only after considerable prodding from the American side. What to do? Persist patiently, and speak softly but carry a big prod. Once prodded and made to understand that a deadline must be met, Russians can show prodigious bursts of energy and will work around the clock to complete the job.[114]
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Разница в Общении
Template:2 Communication Differences
Для русских «Как дела?» и другие личные вопросы, которые задают иностранцы, – не то же самое, что для американцев
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Americans are: 1. more likely than those from many cultures to smile at strangers, 2. to ask “how are you?” (which is a form of “hello” to Americans) 3. to ask several personal discussions with people they hardly know. Russians like to ask about your mood: How do you feel today? How is everything? In American culture, however, it is not accepted to respond to these questions in detail. In contrast, when a Russian asks about your mood, he’s ready to hear the full story. If you know the Russian who asked you “How are you?” well they may consider an answer such as “fine” as insincere, or think that you’re hiding something. When they ask what exactly is “fine,” you should add something. You don't need to make a full confession; you can just say, “fine, I feel cold today,” or add an emotion. Russians are a rather emotional people, and they always share their feelings with everyone. An answer such as: “Fine” plus an emotion will be the same short polite answer that you can use in order to respond to “How are you?” In Russia, it’s normal to share private emotions with friends and to find a way to solve the problem together. Sometimes, even strangers in Russia can act like Americans and ask personal questions, especially if they will be spending a long time together. For example, absolutely unknown people on an overnight train may share their food and ask why a person is not married or have no kids.[115]
Russians may interpret personal questions from a stranger as “friendliness” and as an offer of friendship. Later, when the Americans don’t follow through on their unintended offer, Russians often accuse them of being “fake” or “hypocritical.” Igor Agapova...tells this story about his first trip to the United States:
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Язык. Разные оттенки значений
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The Russian language surpasses all European languages, since it has the magnificence of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the delicacy of Italian, as well as the richness and conciseness of Greek and Latin.
Foreigners most successful in understanding the Russians, as readers will have noted by now, are those who speak some Russian. Speakers of Russian—be they businesspeople, journalists, scholars and scientists, professional or citizen diplomats—have a significant advantage. Communication may be possible with smiles, hand signals, body language, and interpreters, but the ability to carry on a conversation in Russian raises the relationship to a more meaningful level. Those who are put off by the challenge of studying Russian should know that it is far easier to learn than many other languages such as Chinese, Arabic, or Finnish. Russians, moreover, are not offended by foreigners with an inadequate command of Russian. Many of their own citizens also speak Russian poorly. Russian is a Slavic language, as are Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, and several other related tongues. They are all Indo-European languages, a group that includes, among others, the Germanic, Romance, and English languages, all of which have common roots. It takes about 10 to 15 percent longer to say something in Russian than in English, and experienced translators say that they will often need three or more Russian words for one English word. Add to this the Russian tendency to be long-winded—a characteristic of agricultural societies, the old American South included—and you have another reason for Russian verbosity. Another difficulty with Russian results from the shifting accentuation of words. There is no general rule on where the stress falls in a word or sentence, as there is in most European languages, but a Russian word placed at the beginning of a sentence will have more importance than when placed at the end. The Cyrillic alphabet, named after St. Cyril, the apostle to the Slavs who devised the Glagolithic alphabet on which Cyrillic is based, may also faze some students. Russian, however, is mostly pronounced as it is written. If you can read Cyrillic, you can pronounce it. This makes Russian pronunciation easier than English, where words are seldom pronounced as they are written. Russian has acquired numerous words from Western languages. Many mechanical, medical, and technical terms are from German; artistic and cultural words from French; and business and modern scientific terms from English. More recently, many English words previously unknown in Russia have also come into common usage—kserokopiya (Xerox copy), faks (fax), mikser (mixer), forvardy (forward), optsiony (options), dzhinsy (jeans), and biznesmeni (businessmen)—although they are given a Russian pronunciation and often a Slavic ending. Words are inflected, as in Latin and German, to denote such distinctions as case, gender, number, tense, person, and mood. And Russian verbs have two aspects—the imperfective for repeated actions and the perfective for completed actions. The grammar sounds complex, and it is, but there are a few rules that explain it all. Although Russian can be learned cold, it helps to know another inflected European language. Russian is also replete with negatives, and positive ideas are often expressed negatively. An object will be “not big” rather than “small.” A Russian will describe his or her feelings as “not bad” rather than “good.” And a double negative in Russian does not make an affirmative as in English; instead, it emphasizes the negative. The more negatives in a sentence, the more negative the meaning. Younger Russians with access to computers are starting to use the universal Internet language. This is a development that bothers the “purists,” much as the introduction of Anglicism in France bothered the French Academy in the years following World War II. To protect against what they see as an assault on the Russian language, the government declared 2007 as the “Year of the Russian Language in Russia and the World,” and it has taken steps to promote the study of Russian abroad. While Russian has its share of earthy and vulgar expressions, they are not used in polite society.[117]
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Непереводимые понятия
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There are two ways you can tell when a man is lying. One is when he says he can drink champagne all night and not get drunk. The other is when he says he understands Russians.
Russian is a very rich language. In English one word may suffice to convey an idea, while Russian will have several words to choose from, each with a slightly different shade of meaning. This presents problems for interpreters and translators, as well as possibilities for misunderstandings. Many words and expressions in one language simply do not exist in the other. Aleksei Mikhalev, a Russian translator of American literature, said that differences in language and literature — two significant products of a nation’s thought and psychology—demonstrate that English speakers and Russians are not very much alike. He cites the impossibility of finding precise Russian equivalents for the simple English word privacy, a concept that does not exist in Russian (nor in many other languages as well). Other untranslatables from English to Russian listed include "take care", "have fun", "make love", "efficiency", and "challenge".[119] |
Русские говорят много (???)
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Russia has an oral rather than a written tradition—understandable in a country where most of the people were illiterate until less than a century ago—and talking comes naturally to its people. Every Russian seems to be a born orator. Conversations begin easily between complete strangers as well as between men and women. The complexities of the language notwithstanding, it can be a pleasure to listen to Russian speech. Delivery is unhurried, often eloquent, and without pretense. But Russians can also talk around a difficult issue without addressing it directly. Listeners should pay close attention to what is left unsaid in addition to what is said. As Lyudmila Putin, ex-wife of the president, once told a German friend, “You must always listen between the words and read between the lines.”170 Don’t expect short responses to simple questions. The question-and-answer approach simply will not do. Rather than respond with a brief yes or no, Russians are more likely to give a lengthy explanation that will leave the listener wondering whether the answer is indeed yes or no. Former Washington Post correspondent David Remnick recalls how, in an interview with Mikhail Gorbachev, “I asked a question, and he finished his answer forty minutes later. …”171 Then there are differences in conversational style. Russians tend to talk in lengthy, uninterrupted monologues, and find the American style of short answers and repartee brusque and rude. Americans normally talk about their activities and experiences what they have done, where they have gone, whom they have seen. For Russians, anything and everything is grist for the mill: people, ideas, politics, books, movies. "They can even analyze a borshch," American Muriel commented, "as though it were a theoretical problem, like the existence of God." When answering a question, Americans get straight to the point. Russians tend to go back to the beginning of time. "Every time someone asks Fyodor how he likes America, all he has to do is say 'fine,"' American wife Carol sighed. "Instead out comes a doctoral thesis on the history of the United States and what's wrong with the country." "When my aunt asked Russian husband Pyotr how his mother was, he gave her the woman's entire medical history," American wife Joyce said. The Russian feels it is discourteous to give a short answer. The American resents being held captive to a long monologue. Americans feel that simplicity and brevity are the soul of wit and wisdom. For Russians, a valuable idea is a complex idea. Muriel phoned a friend for some information and spent only a minute or two on pleasantries before getting down to business. In Moscow there would first have been a long conversation about the family, the weather, and so on. Starting off with a request, or responding with "What can I do for you?" would be rude. To American spouses and friends, the endless Russian stories that are a staple of Russian get togethers can be boring and pompous. Americans like to save time and get to the point. The Russian prefers to go around in circles, lacing his speech with literary, mythological or historical allusions. As the cultural anthropologist Edward Hall noted, "Americans are often uncomfortable with indirectness . . . Most Americans keep their social conversations light, rather than engaging in serious, intellectual or philosophical discussions, a trait which especially bothers Europeans." "I'm wasting my time with your friends," Sergei grumbled at Muriel. "I keep trying to tell them something interesting, and they sit there fidgeting and interrupting." Years of living in fear of the secret police make Russians hesitant to state their ideas explicitly Years of living in fear of the secret police make Russians hesitant to state their ideas explicitly, and they often seek a veiled or subtle way of conveying a thought. If the listener is intelligent, he should understand what is meant, and it is insulting to spoonfeed him. For the American, speaking intelligently means speaking directly and clearly. "I feel like they're talking in code," Joyce complained of Pyotr and his friends. "Why can't they just say what they mean?" Many Russians see their [American] mates as childish and unsophisticated.' "I can see my American friends' eyes glaze over when Sergei gets going on one of his half-hour philosophical diatribes," Muriel said. "That just convinces him even more of how superior he and his friends are to all of us." Straight Talk Straight talk is appreciated, even when it leads to disagreement. But when disagreement does occur, Russians appreciate honesty rather than attempts to paper over differences. It is far better to level with them and to be certain that they fully understand your position. They respect adversaries who are straightforward and sincere in expressing views that diverge from their own. Former Secretary of State Colin Powell, en route to a meeting with Russian Foreign Minister Igor S. Ivanov, recalled his long record of interactions with Russian leaders over the years as national security adviser and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the first Bush administration. “If one speaks openly and candidly,” said Powell, “you can make progress as long as you don’t shy away from the tough issues and as long as you don’t forget that there are many areas of interest that we have in common.”174 But confrontations over differences of views can often be avoided by letting Russians talk themselves out. After they have expressed their righteousness and indignation and have unburdened themselves, their opposition may moderate and the differences may turn out to be less than originally believed. In fact, after talking themselves out, Russians and Americans may even find that they have a unanimity of views. No (Nyet) Nyet is a simple Russian word that is often misunderstood, and it seems to be an almost automatic response by Russians when asked if something can be done. Clerks, doormen, officials, and others seem to prefer the easy response, “Nyet.” There can be several reasons for the automatic nyet. One common explanation is “We don’t do it that way here.” Or the item requested in a store or restaurant may not be available. Or the clerk may not care whether it is available, or may not be at all interested in helping the customer. In any event, Russians do not routinely accept a nyet, and neither should you. Continue talking, keep your cool, don’t raise your voice, smile, and keep repeating your request. As noted before, a good interpersonal relationship can often overcome the obstacle, whatever it may be, and beat the system. A nyet, however, when expressed in a manner indicating that the real response is “perhaps,” may indicate that a little incentive is needed. In such cases, a few dollars discreetly brought into view may produce the desired effect.
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Тесные связи между друзьями (???)
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Physical contact by Russians—touching another person — is a sign that things are going well and that a degree of rapport has been reached. The degree of physical contact will indicate how well things are going. Placing a hand on another person's arm, for example, or embracing, are good signs. Closeness and physical contact with other persons are much more common in Russia than in the West, a heritage of the village past when people lived in close proximity in small huts. Russians also stand very close when conversing, often less than twelve inches, which is closer than most Americans will find comfortable. They do not hesitate to make physical contact and invade the other person’s space. American Muriel had to explain to her girlfriends that when Russian Sergei moved very close to them during a conversation, he was not making passes. He would stand eight inches away, much closer than the distance at which Americans feel comfortable: it's the Russian way. Nor was he trying to look soulfully and romantically into their eyes. Russians are in the habit of looking directly and unblinkingly at the person they are addressing. Fred had to tell Irina not to "stare" at his American friends, who were uncomfortable when she concentrated her gaze on them. Body language situations are particularly tricky because the problem remains unstated; the American does not say "You're standing so close I feel uncomfortable," and a Russian does not ask "Why are you looking away from me?" On meeting and parting there is far more embracing, kissing and holding hands among Russians than among Americans. Carol explained to her girlfriend that Fyodor was not trying to flirt when he took her arm while escorting her to a cab after dinner; he was being a gentleman. She, in turn, could not get used to the way the Russian wives of her American friends took her arm in the street. Accustomed to close physical contact, Russian men, as well as women, touch when talking. Women dance with other women if there are not enough men to go around or if not asked by a man for a dance. Russian men embrace and kiss each other, on the lips as well as cheeks. As author Yale Richmond recounted, he once had a male kiss planted on my lips, much to his surprise, at the end of a long and festive evening. Americans are advised, however, not to initiate such spontaneous displays of affection, as President Jimmy Carter learned when he kissed Leonid Brezhnev (on the cheek) at their Vienna summit meeting, much to Brezhnev’s surprise and embarrassment.
An American teacher of Russian recalls how, while studying at Moscow State University, a Russian instructor playfully rapped the knuckles of some Americans in his class as a sign of displeasure over their inadequate preparation for the day’s lesson: The American men, in an uproar at both the teacher’s invasion of their space and his use of body contact to enforce his wishes, went immediately after class to the director to complain about the instructor’s behavior. … As a result, the instructor was reprimanded and told to maintain “a proper distance” from his students and to refrain from all physical contact with Americans, “who do not understand these things.”[120] There are times, however, when Russian knuckles should be rapped. George F. Kennan wrote:
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Американцы одержимы своим психическим здоровьем
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The American infatuation with "professional help" and "mental health" puts most Russians off. Russians do not like to engage in detailed analysis of their feelings towards each other with their spouse or lover. Russians believe that people should solve problems and conflicts on their own, or with help from friends. A Russian journalist was surprised by the widespread role of therapists in the United States:
For Russians, true intimacy lies in the silence of a couple who understand each other by a look or a gesture. Victor Ripp wrote: "The American habit of parading personal detail startles Russians. Our fascination with intimacies is more than bad taste; it suggests an utterly alien way of looking at life."[124] American's habit of self-analysis and "letting it all hang out" strikes Russians as mostly superficial: when it comes to a real opening up, Russians find Americans quite closed.[125] As one Russian argued, Russians feel that admitting depression, and other mental health problems is a sign of weakness. So even if a Russian feels emotionally unhealthy, they don't say admit it. It's okay to get drunk, it's okay to commit suicide, but it's not okay to say "I feel depressed", which is only permissible through art.
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Для американцев русский язык грубый, потому что они не могут выговорить даже «спасибо» и «пожалуйста»
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In Russian, polite requests are expressed primarily through a rise and fall in intonation, or through expressions such as "be so kind." This can cause cultural misunderstandings. In one example, American friends of an American wives found their Russian husbands rude because they hardly ever said "please" and "thank you." The Russian was very polite, but "Give me this" or "Pass the bread" sounded extremely rude to the American wife's American friends. Nor do Russians write thank you notes. One Russian bride had to be pushed by her American mother-in-law to write thank you notes for the wedding gifts. "Russians don't write them," she said in exasperation. This Russian husband was offended when people he had just met addressed him by his first name. So were his Russian friends when his American wife addressed them by their first names instead of by the first name and patronymic. "I can't remember everybody's father's name!" she wailed. "It's hard enough remembering all the first names in this impossible language!" |
Язык Тела: Русские жестикулируют эмоциональнее
tend to gesture more&action=edit e |
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Body language is important. Russians use hands and facial expressions to express ideas and emotions, in contrast to Anglo-Saxons who consider such demeanor distracting if not unmannerly. Through body language, a person’s intent can be determined without even understanding the words. Facial expressions are also clues to behavior. Americans are taught to open conversations with a smile and to keep smiling. Russians tend to start out with grim faces, but when they do smile, it reflects relaxation and progress in developing a good relationship. Winks and nods are also good signs, but if a stony look continues, you are not getting through and are in trouble. Russians tend to gesture far more than Americans. American wife Muriel thought her Russian husband Sergei was upset when he waved his arm or hammered his fist on the table, but this was merely nonverbal punctuation. Russian husband Pyotr's habit of shaking his index finger at her, as though scolding a naughty child, infuriated American wife Joyce. "Cut it out and stop lecturing me!" she snapped. "I'm not lecturing you. I'm just saying be sure you lock the door when you leave." |
Глава 4: У Русских Дома
У Русских Дома
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At home do as you wish, but in public as you are told.
Russians live two separate and distinct lives—one at work and the other at home. At work they can be brusque and discourteous but will watch what they say. At home, within the intimate circle of family and friends, they feel secure and are relaxed, warm, and hospitable, are sharing and caring, and speak their own minds. As Morath and Miller describe it:
When asked what Russians were thinking during the many decades of political repression, legal scholar Nina Belyaeva explained:
The kitchen is indeed the center of social life, and visitors should not pass up opportunities to get into those kitchens and see Russians at home. There is no better way to get to know Russians than over food and drink or merely sitting around a kitchen table sipping tea. And when hosting Russians in your own home, bear in mind that Russians will appreciate dining in the kitchen, which gives them the feeling they are being treated as “family” rather than as guests in a formal dining room. Richard Stites, states that, "The secret of social life in Russia is conviviality around a table, drinking, telling jokes, laughing. When you get to that point, the battle is half won."[128] Describing conversations with Russians, Geoffrey Hosking writes, “the exchange and exploration of ideas proceeds [sic] with utter spontaneity and at the same time concentration. In my experience, the art of conversation is pursued in Moscow at a higher level than anywhere else in the world.”[129] How visitors live is also of great interest to Russians. Bring photos of family, home, and recreational activities, which will all be of interest. Russians are curious about the lifestyles of others in professions and occupations similar to their own, and they will not hesitate to inquire about a visitor’s salary or the cost of a home and how many rooms it has. When a celebrated Soviet writer visited AUTHORS home in the United States, he expected the conversation to be about life and literature. Instead, the world-renowned author requested a tour of the house and had a series of questions about the heating, air conditioning, and insulation, how much everything cost, and whether the house was my year-round home or my weekend dacha. Russians welcome inquiries about family and children, and they will be interested in learning about a visitor’s family. Such interest is genuine and should not be seen as merely making small talk. The fastest way to a Russian host’s heart is to speak frankly about personal matters—joys and sorrows, successes and failures—which show that you are a warm human being and not just another cold Westerner. Family and children are important in Russian life, although society’s current ills—housing, high prices, lack of privacy, crime, alcoholism, and divorce—have taken their toll. In cities, families with one child are the norm.
Russians do not hesitate to visit a friend’s home without advance notice, even dropping in unexpectedly late at night as long as a light can be seen in a window. They routinely offer overnight accommodations to friends who are visiting their cities, a gesture based not only on their tradition of hospitality to travelers but also on the shortage of affordable hotel accommodations. Americans who are accepted as friends by Russians will find that they too may receive unexpected visits and requests for lodging from their new friends. Due to the rising incidence of crime in the 1990s, Russians triple- and quadruple-locking their apartment doors, and they are reluctant to open them without knowing who is standing outside. To be sure they know who you are, call beforehand and tell them you will be there shortly. Guests to a Russian home should observe an old custom and bring a gift. Handshaking is required practice in Russia, both on arrival and taking leave, with eye contact maintained during the handshake. Men do not shake hands with a woman unless she extends hers first, and women should not be surprised if their hands are kissed rather than shaken. Shaking hands in a doorway is an omen of bad luck and should never be done. If you are a man, physical signs of affection toward your host (embracing or touching) are good, but show reserve toward his wife. She will not appreciate hugs and kisses but will welcome flowers—in odd numbers only, though, but not thirteen. Old superstitions survive, and an even number of flowers is considered unlucky. Remove your shoes. The host will likely offer slippers. Be cautious about expressing admiration for an object in a Russian home. In a spontaneous gesture of hospitality, the host may present the admired object to the guest, and the offer will be difficult to refuse. Hospitality is spontaneous and intrinsic to the culture. Russians will share what they have and make their guests feel at home. Dinner may be served in the kitchen or in a parlor that doubles as a bedroom. The dishes may not match and the table service will be informal, but the visitor will be made to feel welcome. Food will be tasty, and guests will wonder how the hosts could afford the many delicacies. Friends and relatives may drop in unexpectedly and join the table. Spirits will flow, and the talk will be lively and natural. Conversation is a very important part of social life, and over food and drink Russians open up and reveal their innermost thoughts. Tea is the favorite nonalcoholic drink of Russians. On a per capita basis, Russia is second only to Great Britain in tea consumption, and half of all Russians are believed to drink at least five cups a day. Traditionally, tea is brewed in a samovar (self-boiler), where the water is heated in a metal vessel with an inner cylinder filled with burning coals. Another novelty for foreign visitors may be the podstakannik (literally, an “under-glass”), a metal glass holder with a handle on one side. Russian ice cream is very good, and the favorite flavor, as in the United States, is vanilla.
At dinner the Russians did not wait for the hostess to start eating before starting to eat.
A dacha, literally a summer cottage, is something every Russian, reflecting their attachment to the land, seems to have or want, and where they spend weekends, weather permitting. Dachas used to be little more than a small shack without electricity or running water but with a garden plot for growing vegetables, which sustained entire families when food was scarce. But they have gradually grown in size, depending on the resources of the owner and the availability of transport from the city. Today, for Russia’s privileged a dacha may also be a substantial brick or masonry home with all the “conveniences” in a gated community surrounded by a fence and protected by armed guards.
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Тосты
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Za vashe zdorovye (To your health).
Visitors should be prepared to raise their glasses in a toast, as toasting in Russia is serious business. Toasts are usually made at the beginning of a meal when vodka is consumed with the first course, or at the end of the meal after the sweet wine or champagne that is served with dessert, and often throughout the meal as well. Hosts toast first, and the ranking guest is expected to follow with a return toast. With each toast, glasses are clinked with those of other guests while looking at each guest directly and making eye contact. The person being toasted also drinks. In contrast to the laconic American or British “cheers” or “bottoms up,” a toast in Russia is a short speech. For starters, there are the obligatory thanks to the hosts for their hospitality. This may be followed by references to the purpose of the visit, to international cooperation, peace and friendship, and the better world we hope to leave to our children as a result of our cooperation. Be poetic and dramatic when making a toast, and let your “soul” show. Russians appreciate a show of emotion and imagination. Make the most of your toast and don’t hesitate to exaggerate. Humor may be used, but the substance of the toast should be serious. Russians will judge a toast as an indication of the seriousness of a visitor’s purpose. Prudent travelers will have a few toasts prepared in advance; they will surely be needed. Women, by tradition, do not toast in Russia, but more and more Russian women are now doing so, and Russians will not be surprised if a foreign woman raises her glass and gives a toast. And if a hostess is present, she gets a separate toast, complimenting her on her home, food, and hospitality, but never on her looks, as pretty as she may be.[130]
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Глава 5: Личная и половая жизнь
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Russian people marry early -- by the age of 22 more than 50% of people are already married. By the age of 25 about 80% of people are married. Since there are less men than women in Russia (10 million more women of marriageable ages than men, according to the latest census), and even less men who are worthy, the competition for eligible men is extremely harsh. As a result, the men become spoiled and promiscuous.[131] Attractive women in Russia do get many dating offers from Russian men. But those men are seeking only casual sex. They are either already married, unwilling to commit, or they are not worthy of marriage because they cannot provide for a family. A normal man who has a stable job (being able to solely provide for his family), is career and health conscious, and willing to commit are rare. Guys like this are scarce in Russia and not available for long. In contrast, good-looking women are in abundance in Russia, since the tough competition drives women to perfect their looks. Historically, during the 20th century, Russia has had many wars, with World War II alone taking 20 million lives, along with another 20 million people dying in Stalin's concentration camps. Nearly 90% of those victims were men. After the war, simply having a man was a blessing. Then there was the 14-year Afghani conflict, in which hundreds of thousands of young Russian men died. Throughout the entire 20th century Russian women had to compete to ensure they had a husband. Now they've got Chechnya - since 1993, just a few years after Russian troops left Afghanistan. It is scientifically proven that where there are many more women in society than men, men tend to pursue short-term sexual strategies and are unwilling to commit.[132][133] Generally, most women prefer their husbands to be 5 to 10 years older than themselves, but the younger the woman is, the less of an issue a wider age difference will matter to her. Many Russian women seeking marriage abroad have advanced careers and live well even according to western standards. The conditions of life in a major Russian city such as Moscow or St. Petersburg are comparable to any European capital. The pace of life in Moscow is similar to the one of New York City.[134] |
Правила свиданий
Мужчина – главный
Template:2 The man in in charge
Вручение подарков (???)
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A man must always bring gifts when visiting their girlfriend for the first time, and not just for her but for her family as well. Gifts are very important in Russian courting etiquette. Gifts show that the man is "generous". It is not only about spending money on a girl. Gift giving shows the quality of the soul. It shows a person who is not selfish, a man who enjoys giving and receiving. Giving generously, without expecting anything in return, was the traditional quality that was the pride of Russian character. Historically, Russians were always proud of their non-materialistic nature, and this included giving generously (if you had something to share). Since the man is financially secure, it would be perceived as stinginess, if they did not make occasional gifts when dating a woman. It would mean that the man is not generous and is selfish.[135] |
Разговоры о Деньгах (???)
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The biggest turn off for Russian women is when men talk about money. Money talks are a big "no-no" in Russian courting etiquette. Talking about money in the Russian courting stage is as bad as chewing with your mouth open. She just cannot help feeling disgusted. Being frugal when a man is dating equals being cheap. The man might accidentally say, "Wow, that's expensive!" the man will be labeled as stingy and greedy. According to Russian courting etiquette, men should pay for everything on a date - and do it with a smile. Even if this means he must spend to his last ruble. If you say that something is expensive, what your woman hears is that the suitor doesn't think she is worth this money! For example, if the suitor say, "Wow, $5 for a glass of Coke, that's expensive!"; what she hears is that the suitor doesn't consider her worthy of those $5. In Russian, the meaning of the word expensive is rather absolute, it means "I cannot afford to buy this item", as opposed to the relative meaning, "this item is overpriced". Sometimes, men erroneously start explaining the details of their travel arrangements to their woman. An example would be that they need to book tickets at least two months in advance because it is 10% less. For Russian women, this sounds cheap. Of course, one would assume that if she is making $100 a month, for her saving 10% from $1,000 ticket would be equivalent to her monthly salary, which is a lot of money. But women don't think that way. Put it simpler, remember as the rule of thumb: mentioning money matters is taboo in the Russian courting etiquette. The suitor pays or doesn't pay, and that's it. The suitor should NEVER tell her that they are not buying something because it is "expensive". A suitor should Never, EVER tell the woman how much money they have spent on her.[136] |
Половая Жизнь
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Russians have a glaring contrast between a kind of puritanism that avoids the slightest mention of sex and a tolerance for obscene jokes and language that shocks even sophisticated Westerners. A recent survey of sexual activity in fifteen countries shows Americans as the most active nationality, engaging in sex 135 times per year, with Russians in second place with 133 acts annually. When Joyce told Pyotr that she was getting up from bed to insert her diaphragm he was shocked. "That female stuff-go do it and don't talk about it!" he snapped. He insisted that she always jump up and "wash" immediately after sex since, like many Russian men, he was convinced that "washing" was an effective means of contraception-and besides, he felt that after sex a woman was "dirty." Joyce would have much preferred to fall asleep in his arms, but he saw her reluctance as yet another proof of her poor hygiene. Russian mothers rarely talk about sex or contraception to their daughters, and, even though most Russian doctors are women, many young women are too embarrassed to speak to them. Seventy percent of Soviet women say they have never experienced orgasm. This is partly because many Russian men don't know, or don't care, what satisfies a woman, but another common reason is the fear of pregnancy and a widespread belief that female orgasm increases chances of conception. In Russia talking about sex - which many Americans take for granted - was for perverts and prostitutes. Russian women’s silence appears to have been a blessing for many American men, tired of being told what to do during every minute of lovemaking. Unless he were hurting her, a Russian would be horrified by his wife's telling him she did not like what he was doing, and would be even more shocked were she to tell him what he should do. One Muscovite whose marriage ended in divorce was repelled by his American wife's behavior. "She was unbelievably aggressive in bed," he recalled. "Always telling me what she liked and what she didn't, put my hand here and my tongue there, trying to program me as though I were a computer. And she never shut up. It was like being at a horizontal seminar, not like making love." In Russia, a woman who initiates sex is considered extremely forward. It is the man who calls the shots. Even though Muriel had to get up early, Sergei insisted on having sex whenever he wanted, even at five in the morning after an all-night drinking bout. A man does not expect his initiatives to be rejected. " Despite this "chauvinist" attitude, Russians can seem very romantic to American women who have talked themselves hoarse about sex inside and outside the bedroom. apart from vulgar "men's language" there is no "erotic language" in Russian, and that the language barely has the linguistic tools with which to talk about sex. "Even married couples," writes Kon, "find themselves in terrible straits because they have no acceptable words to express their specific desires or explain their problems, even to each other." Since Russian women have been brought up to think that displaying an interest in sex is indecent, many never dared say anything if a man ignored foreplay.[137] Promiscuity is common but exists side by side with extreme modesty. While the 1980s glasnost lowered official barriers to nudity and sexually explicit scenes in films, television, and theater, most Russians of the older generations feel uncomfortable with those new liberties, and sex is not a subject for public discussion. Prudery also prevails. A Russian woman will never ask a man for directions to the ladies’ room; if this happened the man would be even more embarrassed than the woman. |
Глава 6: Marrying and Divorcing a Russian (???) – Почему Русские так много изменяют?
Template:2 Marrying and Divorcing a Russian – Why do Russians cheat on their spouses so much?
Предупреждение
Женщины – Сильный Пол
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Oh, Russian women, draft horses of the nation!
Some countries are called a fatherland, others a motherland. Russia is clearly a motherland. Rodina, the Russian word for “homeland,” is feminine, and Mother Russia is the symbol of the nation. In this motherland, women are strong, hardworking, nurturing, long suffering, and the true heroes of Russia. They hold the country together. There is a paradox with Russian women, that of the beautiful, feminine creature who turns out to be psychologically stronger than her husband. Once her man is hooked, a sweet young thing begins to show her claws, and an American husband may only then realize what a strong woman he has acquired. The stereotype of the feminine, romantic Russian girl makes the strong, dominant nature of so many of these women come as a shock to a foreign husband. The Russian femininity which so captivates American men is coupled with a toughness American feminists could envy. Russian women have been obliged for so long to cope on all fronts that they have become rather cynical about Russian men, who, in turn, resent these domineering but capable females. This is because in Russia there is the cult of the mother who does everything for her son, attends to his every need and passes him on to a wife from whom he expects the same attention. This developed because nearly an entire postwar generation was raised without a man in the house. The demographic imbalance created in Russia by 70 years of purges, famines and war produced strong women used to fending for themselves at home and at work. Yet these same women were expected to retain their femininity and looks or have their spouse wander off to one of the many single women who would be only too happy to have him, even on a part-time basis. The hardships of these decades created, as the British scholar Ronald Hingley observed, "a corps of formidable, energetic and sometimes lamentably strong matrons," women who can tolerate extremely difficult conditions, and empathize with and understand suffering. Russian women simply assume that men are generally incompetent, and that when the chips are down they can only rely on other women. As two Swedish women journalists who interviewed a wide range of Russian women concluded, they "yearn for men who are strong, protective, and good fathers, and find instead men who drink heavily, refuse to share housework, and have limited interest in children."[138][139]
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Брак
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"The biggest fear of a Russian girl is not to be married by the age of 30."
Ninety percent of women are married by the time they are 30, and few had children after that age.[141] With Russians suddenly free to emigrate after the fall of the Soviet Union, foreign men offered another route to prosperity. Love was optional. An American who taught English in Moscow tells me that during a class presentation a young woman recounted how her friend Maria married an American man, had a child with him, then turned around and divorced him. In the class discussion that followed, the storyteller’s classmates praised Maria for her “cleverness” and castigated the American husband for allowing himself to be duped.[142] Since it is a part of Russian culture, all Russian women want children in their marriages. So, Russian women seek men who will be able to support their family while they are unable to work during the child caring years. Most women in Russia will take full care of their children through age three. This tradition was inherited from the Soviet times when their work position was preserved for 3 years after childbirth, with fully paid maternity leave for 18 months and unpaid leave for an additional 18 months. Nowadays, maternity leave is not paid, but women believe it is proper to stay home with their baby while it is small, and seek men who are able to provide for their families.[143] In 1992, there were 20 percent to 30 percent fewer new marriages concluded in Russia than in 1990. In the same period, the number of divorces has risen by 15 percent.[144][145] |
Верность и Измена – Русские позволяют себе слишком многое, а американцы наоборот слишком аскетичны
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The shortage of men in Russia provides considerable opportunities for short and long-term adulterous affairs. Since the 1980s the average life expectancy for Russian men has fallen from 65 to 58. They die of alcoholism, cigarettes, job injuries, and car accidents. By the time men and women reach sixty-five there are just 46 Russian men left for every 100 women (compared with 72 men for every 100 women of that age in the United States). These skewed demographics infect romance. For Russian men infidelity is the rule rather than the exception. In Moscow, women in their forties told a New York Times author that, by necessity, they only date married men. It is clear that Russian men flaunted this demographic advantage. With the exception of a pastor (who was sitting with his wife at the time), Pamela Druckerman didn't meet a single married man in Russia who admitted to being monogamous. A family psychologist whom Druckerman had intended to interview as an "expert" boasted about her own extramarital relationships and insisted that given Russia's endemic alcoholism, violent crime, and tiny apartments, affairs are "obligatory. Journalist Pamela Druckerman had lunch with a well-off single woman in her forties who tells her that if she didn’t go out with married men she would have almost no one to date. In fact this woman doesn’t know any single women who don’t date married men. And none of them try to hide this. For Russian women in their thirties and forties, let alone older ones, a man who is not married or an alcoholic is as rare as a Faberge egg. Druckerman explains if there’s a 50 percent affair rate for men, then presumably the other half of men don’t cheat. So where are these missing men? Druckerman couldn't find them. The whole time she was in Moscow, she didn’t meet a single person who admits to being monogamous. Since men are at a premium, a wife may have to put up with her husband's having a permanent mistress and even an out-of-wedlock child. Such a "second family" is quite common, and a man is not criticized for it; in fact, he may be praised for keeping both women happy by not abandoning either of them. A man is expected to be discrete, and to spare his wife's feelings by keeping his dalliances from her. The ideal of total honesty that is professed in many American marriages is alien to the Russian mentality.[146] A Russian woman will not be criticized for leaving a husband who beats her or who is an habitual drunkard, but unlike America, male adultery is not assumed to be automatic grounds for the wife walking out and filing for divorce.[147]
Artyom Troitsky, editor of Playboy's Russian edition, explains that during the Soviet Union, “Sex was the last thing they couldn’t take away from us, and that’s why we did it so much. Everyone had affairs with everyone. Moscow was the most erotic city in the world.”[149] Women "need to accept [men cheating], because he feeds her, her children, everybody. She needs a strong man, but a strong man can leave for one or two nights.”[150][151] Eighteen year old Katya is tall and skinny, with a strong command of English. She describes what she wants in a husband: someone who doesn’t drink or beat her. She says she will be lucky if she finds someone like this. She is just a few years shy of marrying age. Though she has the occasional fling, there are no significant prospects on the horizon. Boys her age are "very cruel, and they drink." The few serious ones are more focused on their careers than on relationships, and there’s a lot of competition for them.
In the Russian edition of Cosmopolitan, Russia’s best selling magazine, is running a primer for women on how to hide their lovers from their husbands. Outside Russia’s big cities some husbands don’t even bother hiding their affairs.[152][153] |
Советская политика поощряла измены (???)
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After the Soviet Revolution, the Bolsheviks intervened more directly in domestic life. The new Code on Marriage and the Family (1918) established a legislative framework that clearly aimed to breakdown the traditional family. It removed the influence of the Church from marriage and divorce, making both a process of simple registration with the state. It granted the same legal rights to de facto marriages (couples living together) as it gave to legal marriages. The Code turned divorce from a luxury for the rich to something that was easy and affordable for all. The result was a huge increase in casual marriages and the highest rate of divorce in the world – three times higher than in France or Germany and twenty-six times higher than in England by 1926 – as the collapse of the Christian patriarchal order and the chaos of the revolutionary years loosened sexual morals along with family and communal ties.[154][155] In the early years of Soviet power, family breakdown was so common among revolutionary activists that it almost constituted an occupational hazard. Casual relationships were practically the norm in Bolshevik circles during the Civil War, when any comrade could be sent at a moment’s notice to some distant sector of the front. Such relaxed attitudes remained common throughout the 1920s, as Party activists and their young emulators in the Komsomol (Communist Youth League) were taught to put their commitment to the proletariat before romantic love or family. Sexual promiscuity was more pronounced in the Party’s youthful ranks than among Soviet youth in general. Many Bolsheviks regarded sexual license as a form of liberation from bourgeois moral conventions and as a sign of ‘Soviet modernity’. Some even advocated promiscuity as a way to counteract the formation of coupling relationships that separated lovers from the collective and detracted from their loyalty to the Party.[156] It was a commonplace that the Bolshevik made a bad husband and father because the demands of the Party took him away from the home. ‘We Communists don’t know our own families,’ remarked one Moscow Bolshevik. ‘You leave early and come home late. You seldom see your wife and almost never see your children.’ At Party congresses, where the issue was discussed throughout the 1920s, it was recognized that Bolsheviks were far more likely than non-Party husbands to abandon wives and families, and that this had much to do with the primacy of Party loyalties over sexual fidelity. But in fact the problem of absent wives and mothers was almost as acute in Party circles, as indeed it was in the broader circles of the Soviet intelligentsia, where most women were involved in the public sphere.15[157][158][159] |
Политика советского правительства при Хрущёве поощряет/-ла неверность (???)
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For decades in the Soviet Union had been trying, and failing, to recover from the catastrophic population loss caused by the Second World War and the Gulag extermination system. The thrust of the population policies initiated by Khrushchev was to get as many women as possible to have children by the comparatively few surviving men. The policies dictated that men who fathered children out of wedlock would not be held responsible for child support but the state would help the single mother both with financial subsidies and with childcare: she could even leave the child at an orphanage for any length of time, as many times as she needed, without forfeiting her parental rights. The state endeavored to remove any stigma associated with resorting to the help of orphanages, or with single motherhood and having children out of wedlock. Women could put down a fictitious man as the father on the child’s birth certificate—or even name the actual father, without his having to fear being burdened with responsibility. “The new project was designed to encourage both men and women to have non-conjugal sexual relationships that would result in procreation,” writes historian Mie Nakachi.[160] |
Русские хотят изменять своим супругам больше, чем жители 24 других стран (???)
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In 1998, a study showed that Russian men and women led their peers in 24 other countries in their willingness to engage in and approve of extramarital affairs. Faithfulness in marriage is seen as something that is nice but unrealistic. If women don't really expect it of their husbands, they can pre-empt feelings of shock and betrayal.[161] |
Для американцев важна абсолютная честность/открытость в браке (???)
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The ideal of total honesty that is professed in many American marriages is alien to the Russian mentality. Muriel and Joyce were surprised that their Russian husbands did not tell them about their former girlfriends, and did not want to hear about their wives' previous experiences. "Those things are private," Sergei explained. "If you're married and you're attracted to someone else, you keep it to yourself. Otherwise you only hurt your spouse's feelings." Muriel's arguments about honesty got nowhere. "I'm not going to tell you what I do outside the house," Sergei retorted. "All this blathering Americans think is honesty only winds up offending everyone."[162] |
Аборты
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Attitudes on birth control stem from traditional Russian conservatism as well as the views of a male-dominated leadership, which has sought to stabilize the family and increase the birthrate. Most families, however, avoid having a second child due to limited housing (especially in the cities), a decline in state-subsidized day care, the collapse of the state welfare system, and the deterioration of health care, as well as the increased cost of living. The use of contraceptives, now more available, has been rising slowly, but they are still not widely used, and family planning information is not readily available. Abortion, legal and free in Russia since 1920, is still the common form of birth control, as it was in the Soviet period. Although the rate has been declining in recent years, more than two million abortions are registered each year (not including unreported ones), and 10 percent of women who undergo the procedure are left sterile. According to U.S. demographer Murray Feshbach, two of every three pregnancies in Russia end in abortion, and women, on average, have six to eight abortions during their lifetime; at least 80 percent of all women have a pathology (abnormality) during pregnancy; and only 30 percent of all children are born healthy.[163][164]
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Развод
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In the 1990s, approximately one marriage in three ended in divorce, with the rate increasing 20 percent in the early 1990s after the break up of the Soviet Union. About 60 percent of Russian marriages now end in divorce.[169] Gorbachev, in his book Perestroika, said it was imperative to involve women more in the management of the economy, cultural development, and public life, and to promote them to administrative posts. However, when discussing problems caused by weakened family ties, Gorbachev noted that heated debates are being held “about the question of what we should do to make it possible for women to return to their purely womanly mission.”[170] That “purely womanly mission” has been frustrated by recent history. Forty million Soviet men died in the three cataclysmic events of the Soviet era—the collectivization of agriculture, the political purges, and World War II—creating a severe shortage of men for two generations of women. Moreover, the mortality rate for Russian men today is four times that of women in all age groups over twenty due to alcoholism and related accidents and illnesses, and women outlive men, on average, by thirteen years. That explains why there are so many babushki (grandmothers) in Russia and so few dyedushki (grandfathers).[171]
Feminism, like many other movements originating in the West, has been late in reaching Russia. Grassroots women’s groups are springing up around the country, but feminism is not yet a mass movement. The equality that Russian women want differs from that of Western women. Russian women see themselves as far more traditional in their dealings with men and their views on domestic life. In dress and style, for example, they prefer glamor to comfort, femininity to practicality. Russian women are duly recognized, however, on one day of the year, Women’s Day, a Russian version of Valentine’s Day. In communist years the festival was used to emphasize the equality of sexes lacking in the capitalist West, but it remains popular today. On March 8, women are showered with gifts from their loved ones. Food stores are jammed with shoppers seeking delicacies for the traditional meal at home. Jewelry and gift shops stay open late, and red roses and chocolates are in high demand as Russian men make amends for how they treat their women the rest of the year.[173] To cope with their hardships, women depend on and support each other to a remarkable degree. Through networks of trusted and lifelong friends, they help one another with the daily hassles of life and provide moral support in times of crisis. |
Глава 7: С Русским под Одной Крышей. Русский Быт
Template:2 Living with a Russian – Russian Home life
Работа по Дому
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Women actually work two shifts—one at the workplace and the other at home, where they put in another full workweek performing the duties of wife, mother, and homemaker. Most wives in Russia wind up doing all the shopping, cooking, and cleaning. Even if a Russian wife works, the man looks on himself as the breadwinner and on her as responsible for the housework and child care. Russian men...are thrown off by the unwillingness of "liberated" American women to take on the role of homemaker. Moreover, as Russian society becomes more consumer-oriented, men work longer hours to earn more and now do an even smaller share of the household tasks than before.
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Домашнее насилие
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Lee Harvey Oswald household's first house in America was shabbily furnished and decrepit, but Marina was enchanted by the privacy and space.' Even a woman as sophisticated as Raissa Gorbachev was amazed by the spaciousness of the home of the American family with whom she had tea during her visit to the United States, and by the fact that each of the four children had his own bedroom.' When everything is available, Russians can become incredibly demanding. Nothing but the best will do. A new house or apartment is treated as a home for life, for in Russia if you were lucky enough to find a nice place to live, moving again was furthest from your thoughts. When married couple Carol and Fyodor wanted to buy an apartment they saw at least eighty places before Fyodor was satisfied. The rooms were too small or the lobby was unattractive, or there was no view. When it comes to wallpaper, furniture, and china, the Russian spouse is likely to opt for the most colorful, extravagant, and expensive items. The memory of hundreds of virtually identical Soviet interiors is engraved on Russians' minds. The standard set of glossy dark wood furniture, a couch doubling as a bed, a rug hanging on the wall, glass-enclosed bookcases, a large television set and a sideboard with china and crystal-all this is transferred like a decal to the new American home. Svetlana could not imagine doing without a hall with a large mirror for the ritual hair-combing that takes place the minute a Russian enters, or a rack for the boots and shoes that are exchanged for slippers when coming in from snowy streets. "Mary keeps saying Russian furniture is gloomy," Boris complained. "But I don't really like that rug that looks as if it's from the Museum of Modern Art." "I didn't want the place to look like a Russian souvenir store," Joyce recalled. "Pyotr had all these clumsy wooden figures and nesting dolls, and cheap reproductions of Impressionist landscapes.[176] |
Домашняя обстановка
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Внешний Вид и Выход в Люди/Свет (???)
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Carol could not make Fyodor wear a tie-which, like so many Russian men, he detested-to anything other than a wedding or a funeral. In Russia men often wear boxer shorts and tank top undershirts at home, but Carol could not stand Fyodor sitting around the house in his underwear. Many American wives were surprised to discover that undershirts and boxer shorts doubled for their husbands as night clothes, since men's pajamas are virtually nonexistent in Russia. Nor do most Russian men use deodorant or change their underwear. Several Russian women commented that they had originally been attracted to their American spouses because they were so incredibly "clean" compared to Russians. Russian women spend hours primping in front of the mirror, styling their hair and freshening their makeup. Today much has changed, but high prices mean that many Russians still have relatively few clothes. Laundry and dry cleaning facilities are still poor, expensive and inconveniently located, and Americans are often surprised to see their Russian business associates wearing the same clothes day after day. When the laundry lost an old and ragged undershirt, Pyotr was convinced that this cherished piece of clothing had been deliberately stolen. Russians often find American women badly dressed. "With all the stores bursting with clothes, they run around in torn jeans and T-shirts with those silly advertisements on them!" Svetlana exclaimed. "I don't understand them." Regardless of the pressures of housework, jobs and standing in line, Russian men expect their wives to be well groomed, their hair perfectly set, their nails manicured and polished. “All you American females yapping about liberation, always in a rush-you look as if you came off the garbage heap! No wonder you couldn't find an American husband!" Fyodor could not understand why Carol refused to paint her toenails bright red the way many Russian women do. "It makes me look like a whore," she said.[177] |
Walking barefoot and sitting on the floor
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The married Russian men Sergei and Pyotr disliked their wives' habits of kicking off their shoes, walking around barefoot, and sitting on the floor. Aside from being "unaesthetic," walking barefoot meant catching cold, and sitting on the floor was guaranteed to produce all kinds of feminine pelvic problems alluded to in somber whispers.[178] |
Глава 8: Бизнес по-русски
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For the definitive guide on Business in Russia, we recommend: Luc Jones' (https://www.facebook.com/luc.jones.940) book:
Found at:
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Женщины на рабочем месте (???)
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The Bolsheviks professed to liberate women and give them full equality with men, and in the 1920s Soviet women enjoyed an equality under law unequaled anywhere else in the world. On this point Soviet law was explicit. As Article 35 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution declared: Women and men have equal rights in the USSR … ensured by according women equal access with men to education and vocational and professional training, equal opportunities in employment, remuneration and promotion, and in social and political and cultural activity.[179] In practice, however, women were recognized but unrewarded. A state that claimed to have given all power to the people did in fact give power to only a few, and almost all of them were men. During the entire Soviet era, only three women were named to the ruling Politburo of the Communist Party, and almost none were appointed to high positions in the military and diplomatic corps. To be sure, the first woman ambassador of any country was an early Bolshevik, Aleksandra Kollontai, who was named Soviet Minister to Norway in 1923—but only after her ardent feminism and advocacy of free love put her on a collision course with Party leaders at home. Women worked in factories and on farms to help build the Soviet economy, and they fought in World War II. The Soviet air force had three air groups “manned” entirely by women, flying bombers by night, dive bombers by day, and even fighter planes. Together, they flew more than 30,000 combat missions during World War II. Today in the new Russia, equal rights for women and men have been reaffirmed by Article 19 of the Constitution of 1993, which asserts, “The state shall guarantee equal human and civil rights and freedoms without regard to sex. … Men and women shall have equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities to exercise them.” In practice, however, the results differ.[180] Some 62 percent of Russian women are college graduates, compared to 50 percent of men, but the average woman’s salary is one-third smaller than that of men.[181] The majority of middle and high-ranking professionals are women, and Russia has one of the highest rates of women bosses. But while more than 80 percent of school principals are women, they comprise only 6 percent of rectors (presidents) of universities and other higher schools, and women make up only 8 percent of high-ranking officials. In cutbacks, women are the first to be fired, but they are quick learners of new professions and bolder in business, and they head about 30 percent of medium-sized businesses and 10 percent of big businesses. Women, who outnumber men by 10 million, are active today in all professions and occupations, but they are especially strong in medicine where, reflecting an old Russian tradition, three-fourths of all medical doctors are women. They also predominate in teaching and in the textile, food, and social service industries. But while few women occupy high government positions, they have been active in recent years in establishing a broad range of public and political organizations in the new civil society of Russia. Women are also becoming more active in business, founding and directing their own firms, and in journalism.
Unemployment is much higher for women. During Yeltin’s destabilizing tenure as president many of them looked for marriage abroad. Others, mostly young women, turned to prostitution; literally thousands of them could be found on the main streets and in hotels, clubs, and casinos in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Others were lured abroad by promises of employment but then find themselves prisoners in foreign bordellos.
Western women warn that Russian men will turn on the charm, but their basic attitude toward a female visitor will be patronizing. Her professional qualifications will be regarded initially with some skepticism, and the Western woman will have to prove herself before she will be taken seriously. But as one Russian advised, “We judge women as we judge everyone else, according to their poise, personal strength of character, and whether they demonstrate an air of authority.” Indeed, Western women, as well as men, will be judged by their professional expertise, seriousness of purpose, cultural level, and knowledge of Russia and its history.[182] |
Глава 9: Москвичи vs. «Настоящие» русские – Что раздражает русских?
Template:2 Muscovites vs. “Real” Russians - What makes Russians tick
Советское Мышление и Лидерство Русских/в России Сейчас (???)
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"Suvok" is translated as "dustpan" (dustbin) in Russian.
In its simplest form, "Suvok" means to be a Soviet Citizen. The Soviet Union "Советский Союз" is "Советский Grajidin (?)" is what dedicated Soviets used to say, and a lot of old Russians took pride in that. Even after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the "old mentality" Russians today say:
This is a classic line by the elderly.
Although currently not used by the general Russian population, "Suvok" can explain heartless Muscovites today, the majority of those who have economic (oligarchs) and political power. These "Suvok" will never say:
This Moscow attitude has infected (permeated) international relations. This attitude is small part of the reason that the West is so hostile to Russia today. ***** The average American reading the above description of Russia, probably feels a deep habitual pride about America's system of government. What social scientist call "American Civil Religion". In addition, they probably feel sorry for the Russian government, dominated by Russia's oligarchs....
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Глава 11: Заключение
Дополнительная Литература и Ссылки
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Алфавитный Указатель
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Сноски
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НОВЕЕ /\ Template:2 NEWER
Старее Template:2 Older
- Jump up ↑ http://shitmydadsays.com/
- Jump up ↑ http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=41034
- Jump up ↑ http://thewe.cc/weplanet/news/americas/us/ronald_reagan.html The Real Ronald Reagan, personal website]
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Русская пословица. Луи Менаше. (2014). Москва Слезам Верит: Русские и их Фильмы (Moscow Believes in Tears: Russians and Their Movies). Изд-во "New Academia Publishing".
- Jump up ↑ Сеймур Мартин Липсет (1922–2006), социолог.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Зернов Н.М. (1978). Русские и их Церковь (Russians and their Church) – Крествуд, Нью-Йорк: Изд-во Свято-Владимирской Духовной Семинарии, с. 176.
- Jump up ↑ Hofstede Insights, Country Comparison: USA. https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/the-usa/
- Jump up ↑ Hofstede Insights, Country Comparison: Russia. https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/russia/
- Jump up ↑ Ану Реало; Юри Аллик. Апрель, 1999 г. Кросс-культурное Исследование Коллективизма: Сравнение Студентов из Америки, Эстонии и России ("A Cross-Cultural Study of Collectivism: A Comparison of American, Estonian, and Russian Students"). Издание "Журнал Социальной Психологии" ("The Journal of Social Psychology") 139(2):133-142. DOI: 10.1080/00224549909598367 http://universitypublications.net/ijas/0705/pdf/H4V1015.pdf
- Jump up ↑ Марк Лагрис. (13.06.2018). Русских Учат Правильно Улыбаться на Чемпионате Мира (англ. Russian Workers Being Trained To Smile More Before The World Cup) https://www.thetravel.com/russia-teaches-workers-smile/
- Jump up ↑ Фонс Тромпенаарс, Чарльз Хэмпден-Тернер (1998 г.). "Национально-культурные различия в контексте глобального бизнеса" (англ. Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business), 2-ое изд. Изд-во "McGraw Hill", с. 83–86.
- Jump up ↑ Национально-культурные различия. Эксклюзивное интервью с доктором Фонс Тромпенаарсом. (Riding the Waves of Culture. Exclusive Interview with Dr Fons Trompenaars) https://mundus-international.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Swedish-Press-Mar-2018-Interview-Trompenaars-Williams.pdf
- ↑ Jump up to: 15.0 15.1 15.2 Эрин Мейер (30.05.2014) "Почему Тяжело Вести Светские Беседы в Межкультурном Дискурсе" (One Reason Cross-Cultural Small Talk Is So Tricky). Онлайн изд-во Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2014/05/one-reason-cross-cultural-small-talk-is-so-tricky
- Jump up ↑ Вас Тарас (декабрь 2015 г.). Peach Vs. Coconut Cultures. https://x-culture.org/peach-vs-coconut-cultures/
- Jump up ↑ Lebowitz, Shana. (August, 2017). The 'coconut vs peach' metaphor explains why Americans find the French standoffish and the French find Americans superficial. https://www.businessinsider.com.au/why-french-people-find-americans-superficial-2017-8
- Jump up ↑ Эрин Мейер (2014 г.) Карта культурных различий. Как люди думают, руководят и добиваются целей в международной среде (англ. версия: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1qoT-v2SDoSuj0VIXAmOpVxvvw4uUi5Vy).
- Jump up ↑ Lugris, Mark. (June 13, 2018). Russian Workers Being Trained To Smile More Before The World Cup. https://www.thetravel.com/russia-teaches-workers-smile/
- Jump up ↑ Bohm, Michael. (April 28, 2011). Why Russians Don't Smile. The Moscow Times. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2011/04/28/why-russians-dont-smile-a6672
- Jump up ↑ Putnam, Samuel., & Gartstein, Masha A. (June 2018). Russians don’t smile much, but that doesn’t mean they don’t like you. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/russians-dont-smile-much-but-that-doesnt-mean-they-dont-like-you/2018/06/29/beceb9d8-7a21-11e8-93cc-6d3beccdd7a3_story.html
- Jump up ↑ Khazan, Olga. (May, 2016), Why Some Cultures Frown on Smiling, Finally, an explanation for Bitchy Resting Face Nation. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/05/culture-and-smiling/483827/
- Jump up ↑ Olga Khazan. (May 3, 2017). Why Americans Smile So Much How immigration and cultural values affect what people do with their faces. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/05/why-americans-smile-so-much/524967/
- Jump up ↑ Bohm, Michael. (April 28, 2011). Why Russians Don't Smile. The Moscow Times. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2011/04/28/why-russians-dont-smile-a6672
- Jump up ↑ Koren, Marina. (February, 2014). Why Russians Aren’t Smiling at You in Sochi. The first rule about smiling at Russians is you do not smile at Russians. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/02/why-russians-arent-smiling-at-you-in-sochi/569632/
- Jump up ↑ Adam Chandler. (October 21, 2016). Why Do Americans Move So Much More Than Europeans? The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/10/us-geographic-mobility/504968/
- Jump up ↑ Park, Robert E. (July-August, 1924). The Concept of Social Distance. Journal of Applied Sociology, 8 339-344. Emory S. Bogardus. (March-April, 1925). Measuring Social Distance. Journal of Applied Sociology, 9 299-308.
- Jump up ↑ Putnam, Samuel., & Gartstein, Masha A. (June 2018). Russians don’t smile much, but that doesn’t mean they don’t like you. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/russians-dont-smile-much-but-that-doesnt-mean-they-dont-like-you/2018/06/29/beceb9d8-7a21-11e8-93cc-6d3beccdd7a3_story.html
- Jump up ↑ Arapova, Maria A. (2017), Cultural differences in Russian and Western smiling, Russian Journal of Communication, 9:1, 34-52, DOI: 10.1080/19409419.2016.1262208
- Jump up ↑ Khazan, Olga. (May, 2016), Why Some Cultures Frown on Smiling, Finally, an explanation for Bitchy Resting Face Nation. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/05/culture-and-smiling/483827/
- Jump up ↑ Samuel Putnam, June 27, 2018, Why are Russians so stingy with their smiles? https://theconversation.com/why-are-russians-so-stingy-with-their-smiles-98799
- Jump up ↑ The "Heartland" is the central part of a country. A prerogative used by those on the coasts of the USA is “Fly over states”.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Hugh Seton-Watson. (1952). The Decline of Imperial Russia, 1855–1914 (New York). 24.
- Jump up ↑ Paul Gray. (July 24, 1989). Alexander Solzhenitsyn: Russia's Prophet in Exile, Time Time Magazine. 61.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Edward Adrian-Vallance, https://www.facebook.com/edward.adrianvallance
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Edward Adrian-Vallance, https://www.facebook.com/edward.adrianvallance
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Tatyana Tolstaya. May 31, 1990. Notes from Underground. The New York Review of Books. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1990/05/31/notes-from-underground
- Jump up ↑ Tatyana Tolstaya. 2012. Pushkin's Children: Writing on Russia and Russians. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
- Jump up ↑ Herbert, Wray. ‘To suffer is to suffer’: Analyzing the Russian national character. (June 30, 2010). Association for Psychological Science. https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/were-only-human/to-suffer-is-to-suffer-analyzing-the-russian-national-character.html
- Jump up ↑ Oleg Yegorov. February 22 2019. Why do Russians benefit from suffering? https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/330011-russian-suffering
- Jump up ↑ Jonah Lehrer. 2010. Why Russians Don't Get Depressed. https://www.wired.com/2010/08/why-russians-dont-get-depressed/
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Li Mu, https://www.facebook.com/li.mu.5015
- Jump up ↑ Edward Adrian-Vallance, https://www.facebook.com/edward.adrianvallance
- Jump up ↑ Edward Adrian-Vallance, https://www.facebook.com/edward.adrianvallance
- Jump up ↑ Nina Khrushcheva, "Culture Matters, But Not (of All Places) in Russia," in Correspondence: An International Review of Culture and Society (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, winter, 2000/2001 no. 7), 48.
- Jump up ↑ Laurens Van der Post. (1964). Journey Into Russia. Random House.
- Jump up ↑ Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams, Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 124.
- Jump up ↑ Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams, Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 207.
- Jump up ↑ Daniel Matuszewski, former IREX deputy director, in a December 15, 2001 e-mail to Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Lev A. Tikhomirov, Russia, Political and Social, quoted by Wright Miller in Russians as People (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1961), 81.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Fred Hiatt. (December 3, 1994). Russian Astrologers' Horrorscopes. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/03/russian-astrologers-horrorscopes/3a9536df-d9f3-402c-b798-6418b3b10c82/
- Jump up ↑ Richard Lourie. 1991. Predicting Russia’s Future. Knoxville, TN: Whittle Direct Books. 82.
- Jump up ↑ Richard Lourie and Aleksei Mikhalev. Why You'll Never Have Fun in Russian. The New York Times, June 18, 1989. https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/18/books/why-you-ll-never-have-fun-in-russian.html
- Jump up ↑ Richard Bernstein. (November 28, 1989). Soviet Author's Humor Has a Bitter Aftertaste. The New York Times.
- Jump up ↑ Llewellyn Thompson, in his final briefing for American correspondents prior to his departure from Moscow in 1968, a meeting that Richmond, Yale. (2008). From nyet to da: understanding the new Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing, attended.
- Jump up ↑ Tibor Szamuely. (1974). The Russian Tradition. New York: McGraw-Hill. 6.
- Jump up ↑ Leonid Andreyev. (1913). Vserossiiskoe vranyo. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (All Russian Lies. Full Composition of Writings). St. Petersburg. Volume V.
- Jump up ↑ Samuel Rachlin. (March 20, 2015). Propaganda and the Russian Art of Lying. https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/96536/propaganda-and-the-russian-art-of-lying
- Jump up ↑ Ronald Hingley. (March-April, 1962). That’s No Lie, Comrade. Problems of Communism. http://traveller.in.net/2019/03/03/vranyo/
- Jump up ↑ Boris Fedorov. (May 1, 2001). The Washington Post.
- Jump up ↑ Fyodor Dostoyevsky. (1873). “A Word or Two about Vranyo,” Diary of a Writer. Quoted in Ronald Hingley. (1978). The Russian Mind. 105.
- Jump up ↑ Ronald Hingley. (March-April 1962). That’s No Lie, Comrade. Problems of Communism. http://traveller.in.net/2019/03/03/vranyo/
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Zbigniew Brzezinski quoted in the Wall Street Journal. March 25, 1983.
- Jump up ↑ Sharon Tennison, Center for U.S.-U.S.S.R. Initiatives, San Francisco, California, in a memo to U.S. foundations, May 15, 1990.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ William McCulloch. (March 14, 1994). Kennan Institute, Washington, DC.
- Jump up ↑ Parade Magazine (October 8, 1989). 27.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Nina Khrushcheva, "Culture Matters, But Not (of All Places) in Russia," in Correspondence: An International Review of Culture and Society (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, winter, 2000/2001 no. 7).
- Jump up ↑ Geoffrey Hosking. (1990). The Awakening of the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 132.
- Jump up ↑ Ruth Amende Roosa, "Russian Industrialists Look to the Future: Thoughts on Economic Development, 1906–17." in Essays in Russian and Soviet History. (1963). John Shelton Curtiss. New York: Columbia University Press. 198–218.
- Jump up ↑ Vladimir V. Belyakov & Walter J. Raymond. (1994). The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Lawrenceville, VA: Brunswick Publishing. 27.
- Jump up ↑ Russian Agrarian Reform: A Status Report from the Field. August 1994. Seattle: Rural Development Institute.
- Jump up ↑ Background Note: Russia. (February, 2007). U.S. State Department.
- Jump up ↑ Vladimir Shlapentokh. Johnson’s Russia List #114. May 20, 2007.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Marshall Shulman. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Washington, DC, February 12, 1989.
- Jump up ↑ The New York Times, June 1, 1990.
- Jump up ↑ Andrew Jack. (2005). Inside Putin’s Russia.New York: Oxford University Press. 62.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Yevgeny Yevtushenko. (April 7, 1958). Literaturnaya Gazeta, quoted by Klaus Mehnert. (1961). Soviet Man and His World. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 30.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Marquis de Custine. (1989). Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russia.New York: Doubleday, Anchor Books. 183.
- Jump up ↑ Anton Chekhov. Three Sisters, Act II.
- Jump up ↑ Elena Petrova. (2006). How To Find And Marry A Girl Like Me.
- Jump up ↑ Ana Siljak. (December 2016). Nikolai Berdiaev and the Origin of Russian Messianism. The Journal of Modern History. Volume 88, Number 4. https://doi.org/10.1086/688982
- Jump up ↑ Mikhail F. Antonov. Bill Keller. (January 28, 1990). Yearning for an Iron Hand. The New York Times Magazine. 19.
- Jump up ↑ Serge Schmemann. (February 20, 1994). Russia Lurches Into Reform, But Old Ways Are Tenacious. The New York Times.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Marquis de Custine. (1989). Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russia. New York: Doubleday. 437.
- Jump up ↑ Andrei Sinyavsky [Abram Tertz, pseudonym]. (July 19, 1965). Thought Unaware. New Leader 48, no. 15. 1.
- Jump up ↑ Hedrick Smith. (1976). The Russians (New York: Times Books, Quadrangle. 120–21.
- Jump up ↑ Anna Hunt. November 2001. So Has the Russian Mafia Met Its Match?. The Independent.
- Jump up ↑ The New York Times, November 7, 2007.
- Jump up ↑ Marshall I. Goldman. (June 1990). Gorbachev at Risk. World Monitor. 38.
- Jump up ↑ Johnson’s Russia List #20, January 29, 2008.
- Jump up ↑ Johnson’s Russia List #25, February 5, 2008.
- Jump up ↑ Johnson’s Russia List #20, January 29, 2008.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Robert G. Kaiser. (July 8–14, 2001). Washington Post Book World.
- Jump up ↑ George Vernadsky. 1953. The Mongols and Russia. New Haven: Yale University Press. 337.
- Jump up ↑ Yuri Afanasyev. (January 31, 1991). The Coming Dictatorship. The New York Review of Books. 38.
- Jump up ↑ George F. Kennan. (February 5, 1989). After the Cold War. The New York Times Magazine. 38.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Visson, Lynn. (2001). Wedded Strangers: The Challenges of Russian-American Marriages. Hippocrene Books.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- ↑ Jump up to: 115.0 115.1 Sorokina, Anna. (2018, July). What should you say when Russians ask ‘How are you’? Russia Beyond. https://www.rbth.com/education/328673-how-are-you-russian
- Jump up ↑ Meyer, Erin. (2014). The Culture Map: Breaking Through the Invisible Boundaries of Global Business. https://tinyurl.com/TheCultureMap (FULL BOOK).
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Serge Schmemann. December 26, 1993. What Would Happen If...? New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/26/books/what-would-happen-if.html
- Jump up ↑ Richard Lourie and Aleksei Mikhalev. Why You'll Never Have Fun in Russian. The New York Times, June 18, 1989. https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/18/books/why-you-ll-never-have-fun-in-russian.html
- Jump up ↑ Barbara Monahan. (1983). A Dictionary of Russian Gesture. Tenafly, NJ: Hermitage. 15.
- Jump up ↑ George F. Kennan. (1967). Memoirs, 1925–1950. Boston: Little, Brown. 564.
- Jump up ↑ 1969. The Soviet Union Approach to Negotiation: Selected Writings Compiled by the Subcommitte on National Security and International Operations (pursuant to S. Res. 24, 91st Congress). https://books.google.ru/books?id=T7lgtPwJqq4C
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Ripp, Victor. Pizza in Pushkin Square: What Russians Think About Americans and the American Way of Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990. ISBN 978-0-671-66725-2.
- Jump up ↑ Visson, Lynn. (2001). Wedded Strangers: The Challenges of Russian-American Marriages. Hippocrene Books.
- Jump up ↑ Inge Morath and Arthur Miller. (1969). In Russia. New York: Viking. 15.
- Jump up ↑ Nina Belyaeva. Quoted by Georgie Anne Geyer. (May 31, 1990). “… wrong basket?” The Washington Times.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Geoffrey Hosking. (1990). The Awakening of the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Elena Petrova, (2006) How To Find And Marry A Girl Like Me.
- Jump up ↑ Elena Petrova, (2006) How To Find And Marry A Girl Like Me.
- Jump up ↑ David M. Buss, "The Evolution Of Desire: Strategies Of Human Mating", where research was run across 37 cultures.
- Jump up ↑ Elena Petrova, (2006) How To Find And Marry A Girl Like Me.
- Jump up ↑ Elena Petrova, (2006) How To Find And Marry A Girl Like Me.
- Jump up ↑ Elena Petrova, (2006) How To Find And Marry A Girl Like Me.
- Jump up ↑ Visson, Lynn. (2001). Wedded Strangers: The Challenges of Russian-American Marriages. Hippocrene Books.
- Jump up ↑ Hingley, Ronald. The Russian Mind. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1977.
- Jump up ↑ Visson, Lynn. (2001). Wedded Strangers: The Challenges of Russian-American Marriages. Hippocrene Books.
- Jump up ↑ Elena Petrova. (2006). How To Find And Marry A Girl Like Me.
- Jump up ↑ The Washington Post. (October 28, 1994).
- Jump up ↑ Serge Schmemann. (February 20, 1994). Russia Lurches Into Reform, But Old Ways Are Tenacious. The New York Times.
- Jump up ↑ Crossroads. (Spring 1991). Newsletter of the American Collegiate Consortium for East-West Cultural and Academic Exchange. Middlebury, VT.
- Jump up ↑ Landon Pearson. (1990), Children of Glasnost: Growing Up Soviet. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 94.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Visson, Lynn. (2001). Wedded Strangers: The Challenges of Russian-American Marriages. Hippocrene Books.
- Jump up ↑ Pamela Druckerman. (March 25, 2008). Lust in Translation: Infidelity from Tokyo to Tennessee. ISBN: 978-0143113294
- Jump up ↑ Pamela Druckerman. (March 25, 2008). Lust in Translation: Infidelity from Tokyo to Tennessee. ISBN: 978-0143113294
- Jump up ↑ Sauer, Derk. Typisch Russisch. (Typically Russian). Amsterdam: Veen, 2001. https://www.russlandjournal.de/typisch-russisch/
- Jump up ↑ Psychologist Alexei Zinger.
- Jump up ↑ Pamela Druckerman. (March 25, 2008). Lust in Translation: Infidelity from Tokyo to Tennessee. ISBN: 978-0143113294
- Jump up ↑ Pamela Druckerman. (March 25, 2008). Lust in Translation: Infidelity from Tokyo to Tennessee. ISBN: 978-0143113294
- Jump up ↑ Pamela Druckerman. (2008). Sleeping Around the World. January Magazine. https://www.januarymagazine.com/features/lustexc.html
- Jump up ↑ Wendy Z. Goldman. 1993. Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936. Cambridge. 107
- Jump up ↑ Natalia Lebina. 1999. Povsednevnaia zhizn’sovetskogo goroda: normy i anomalii, 1920–1930 gody. St Petersburg. 272.
- Jump up ↑ Igal Halfin. 2002. Intimacy in an Ideological Key: The Communist Case of the 1920s and 1930s’, in Language and Revolution: Making Modern Political Identities. London. 187–188.
- Jump up ↑ Orlando Figes. (2008). The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia. Picador.
- Jump up ↑ Leon Trotsky. 1973. Problems of Everyday Life: Creating the Foundations of a New Society in Revolutionary Russia. London. 72
- Jump up ↑ Alex Inkeles & Raymond Augustine Bauer. 1959. The Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society. Cambridge, Mass. 205.
- Jump up ↑ Masha Gessen, (2017). The Future Is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia.
- Jump up ↑ Julia Ioffe. (2010). The Cheating Cheaters of Moscow How infidelity has become accepted and even expected in Russia, Slate.
- Jump up ↑ Visson, Lynn. (2001). Wedded Strangers: The Challenges of Russian-American Marriages. Hippocrene Books.
- Jump up ↑ Murray Feshbach. (November 1, 1994). Kennan Institute, Washington, DC.
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Alaka Malwade Basu. (2003). The Sociocultural and Political Aspects of Abortion: Global Perspectives. Greenwood Publishing Group.
- Jump up ↑ Chloe Arnold. Abortion Remains Top Birth-Control Option In Russia. (June 28, 2008). Radio Free Europe.
- Jump up ↑ Russian Survey Highlights-Results of the 2011 Russian. (2011). CDC.
- Jump up ↑ Putin’s Next Target Is Russia’s Abortion Culture. (October 3, 2017). Foreign Policy.
- Jump up ↑ Marriage in Russia, Facts and Details. http://factsanddetails.com/russia/People_and_Life/sub9_2d/entry-5011.html
- Jump up ↑ 68
- Jump up ↑ 69
- Jump up ↑ 71
- Jump up ↑ 72
- Jump up ↑ 66
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ Visson, Lynn. (2001). Wedded Strangers: The Challenges of Russian-American Marriages. Hippocrene Books.
- Jump up ↑ Visson, Lynn. (2001). Wedded Strangers: The Challenges of Russian-American Marriages. Hippocrene Books.
- Jump up ↑ Visson, Lynn. (2001). Wedded Strangers: The Challenges of Russian-American Marriages. Hippocrene Books.
- Jump up ↑ 63
- Jump up ↑ 64
- Jump up ↑ 65
- Jump up ↑ Richmond, Yale. (2008). From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Jump up ↑ 17 April 2014. Study: US is an oligarchy, not a democracy. BBC.
Список Использованной Литературы
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Johnson's Russia List. https://russialist.org/
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welcome to https://www.facebook.com/groups/MoscowRussiaExpats
You are not a sock puppet.. You are in.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sock_puppet_account
- REDIRECT Smuggling state secrets to Russia
