Elections

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Meddling in the Ballot Box The Causes and Effects of Partisan Electoral Interventions is a 2020 book by Dov H. Levin. The author states that the United States of America has intervened in 81 elections, more than any other country.[1]

The U.S. intervened in 81 foreign elections between 1946 and 2000, while the Soviet Union or Russia intervened in 36.[2][3] A 2018 study by Levin found that the electoral interventions determined in "many cases" the identity of the winner.[4] The study also found suggestive evidence that the interventions increased the risk of democratic breakdown in the targeted states.[4]

Among 938 global elections examined,Template:Efn The USA and USSR/Russia had combined in about one out of nine (117 total) elections, with the majority of those (68%) being through covert, rather than overt, actions.

The author explains that "on average, an electoral intervention in favor of one side contesting the election will increase its vote share by about 3 percent," an effect large enough to have potentially changed the results in seven out of 14 U.S. presidential elections occurring after 1960.[2]Template:EfnTemplate:Efn

US and USSR interventions

Country belligerent Year Effected Open or Secret
Argentina U.S. 1946 Jose P. Tamborini Overt
Hungary USSR 1947 MKP Overt
Italyb U.S. 1948 DC Overtc
Italyb USSR 1948 PCI Covert
U.S. USSR 1948 Henry A. Wallace Overt
Israel U.S. 1949 Mapai Overt
Finland USSR 1950 * Overt
Japan U.S. 1952 Liberal Party Overt
West Germany U.S. 1953 CDU Overt
Italyb U.S. 1953 DC Overtc
Italyb USSR 1953 PCI Covert
Japan U.S. 1953 Liberal Party Overtc
Philippines U.S. 1953 Ramon Magsaysay Covert
Brazil U.S. 1955 Juarez Tavora Covert
Indonesia U.S. 1955 Masjumi Covert
Laos U.S. 1955 NPP Covert
Finland USSR 1956 Urho Kaleva Kekkonen Overt
Iceland U.S. 1956 Independence Party Overt
Sri Lanka U.S. 1956 UNP Overt
West Germany USSR 1957 SPD Overt
Lebanon U.S. 1957 Supporters of Camille Covert
Philippines U.S. 1957 Chamoun Jose Yulo Covert
Greece (note b) U.S. 1958 ERE Covert
Greeceb USSR 1958 EDA Overt
Guatemala U.S. 1958 Jose Luis Cruz Salazar Covert
Italy U.S. 1958 DC Covert
Japan U.S. 1958 LDP Overtc
Laos U.S. 1958 NPP Overtc
Venezuela USSR 1958 Wolfgang Larrazabal Covert
Malaysia U.S. 1959 UNMO Covert
Nepal U.S. 1959 Nepali Congress Party Covert
San Marino U.S. 1959 PDCS Covert
Democratic Republic of the Congo USSR 1960 MNC Covert
Japan U.S. 1960 LDP Covert
Laos U.S. 1960 CDNI Covert
Sri Lanka U.S. 1960 (March) UNP Covert
Sri Lanka U.S. 1960 (July) UNP Covert
Greece U.S. 1961 ERE Covert
Philippines U.S. 1961 Diosdado Pangan Covert
South Vietnam† U.S. 1961 Macapagal Ngo Dinh Diem Covert
Brazil U.S. 1962 ** Covert
Canada USSR 1962 Liberal Party Overt
Finland USSR 1962 Urho Kaleva Kekkonen Overt
Peru U.S. 1962 Victor Raul Haya de la Torre Covert
Italy U.S. 1963 DC Covert
Japan U.S. 1963 LDP Covert
Bolivia† U.S. 1964 Victor Paz Estenssoro Covert
Chileb U.S. 1964 Eduardo Frei Montalva Covert
Chileb USSR 1964 Salvador Allende Gossens Covert
Somalia U.S. 1964 *** Covert
Sri Lanka U.S. 1965 UNP Covert
Bolivia U.S. 1966 Rene Barrientos Ortuno Covert
Costa Rica U.S. 1966 Daniel Oduber Quiros Covert
Dominican Republic U.S. 1966 Joaquin Beleaguer Covert
India USSR 1967 CPI Covert
Laos U.S. 1967 **** Covert
Finland USSR 1968 Urho Kaleva Kekkonen Overt
Guyana U.S. 1968 PNC Covert
Italy U.S. 1968 DC Covert
West Germany USSR 1969 SPD Overt
Thailand U.S. 1969 UTPT Covert
Chileb U.S. 1970 Radomiro Tomic & Jorge Allesanderi Covert
Chile [note b] USSR 1970 Salvador Allende Gossens Covert
Costa Rica USSR 1970 Jose Figueres Ferrer Covert
Pakistan USSR 1970 Awami League Covert
Malta U.S. 1971 PN Covert
Uruguay U.S. 1971 Colorados/Juan Maria Covert
Bordaberry South Vietnam† U.S. 1971 Nguyen Van Thieu Covert
West Germany USSR 1972 SPD Covert
Italyb U.S. 1972 DC Covert
Italy [note b] USSR 1972 PCI Covert
Japan USSR 1972 JCP Covert
Bangladesh USSR 1973 Awami League Covert
Denmark USSR 1973 DKP Covert
France USSR 1974 Francois Mitterrand Covert
Greece USSR 1974 United Left Covert
Denmark USSR 1975 DKP Covert
Italyb U.S. 1976 DC Overtc
Italyb USSR 1976 PCI Covert
India USSR 1977 Congress Party (I) Covert
West Germany USSR 1980 SPD Covert
Iran U.S. 1980 (Jan.) Ahmad Madani Covert
Jamaica U.S. 1980 Jamaican Labor Party Covert
El Salvador U.S. 1982 Christian Democratic Party/Duarte Overt [note c]
Mauritius U.S. 1982 Labor Party Covert
West Germany USSR 1983 SPD Overt
Italy U.S. 1983 DC Covert
El Salvador U.S. 1984 Jose Napoleon Duarte Covert
Grenada U.S. 1984 New National Party Overtc
Panama U.S. 1984 Nicolas Ardito Barletta Covert
U.S. USSR 1984 Walter F. Mondale Covert
Costa Rica U.S. 1986 Rafael Angel Calderon Covert
Fournier U.K U.S. 1987 Conservatives Overt
Chile [note †] U.S. 1988 “No” Campaign Overt
France USSR 1988 Andre Lajoinie Covert
Panama U.S. 1989 Guillermo Endara Covert
Bulgaria U.S. 1990 UDF Overt
Czechoslovakia U.S. 1990 OF-VPN Overt
Haiti U.S. 1990 Marc Louis Bazin Covert
Nicaragua U.S. 1990 Violeta Barrios de Chamorro Overt [note c]
Romania U.S. 1990 PNL Overt
Albania U.S. 1991 PDSH Overt
Bulgaria U.S. 1991 UDF Covert
Albania U.S. 1992 PDSH Covert
Israel U.S. 1992 Labor Overt
Lithuania Russia 1992 LDDP Overt
Romania U.S. 1992 CDR Covert
Yugoslavia/Serbia U.S. 1992 Milan Panic Overt
Cambodia U.S. 1993 FUNCINPEC Covert
Belarus Russia 1994 Vyacheslav F. Kebich Overt
Ukraine U.S. 1994 Leonid Kravchuk Overt
Israel U.S. 1996 Shimon Peres/Labor Overt
Russia U.S. 1996 Boris N. Yeltsin Overtc
Latvia Russia 1998 TSP Overt
Slovakia U.S. 1998 SDK Covert
Israel U.S. 1999 Ehud Barak/One Israel Covert
Yugoslavia/Serbia U.S. 2000 Vojislav Kostunica Overt

a Name of candidate in presidential elections, name of party in parliamentary elections. Main candidate/party only.

b Double interventions (the U.S. supports one side while the USSR/Russia backs a different side during the same election).

c An overt intervention that also included a significant covert component.

† Cases of partisan electoral interventions in elections which weren’t competitive following authors criteria, usually due to last-moment boycotts of the elections by one of the major sides which were widely expected to contest them or (in the 1988 Chilean case) a rare example of a relatively competitive plebiscite.

  • Identity of aided candidate in this election not fully certain, besides being a competitor to President Paasikivi, given available data (although probably Urho Kekkonen).

See also

Notes

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References

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